Happiness in marriage Essay

â€Å"Happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance.† With reference to marriages in Pride and Prejudice, to what extent is this statement true? Marriage is the key issue in Pride and Prejudice, and Austen uses class structure, manners and proper behaviour in society to embellish the topic. It is the overall picture given by these subjects that tell us about the happiness a woman could expect from entering the state of marriage, whether marrying for love and felicity, or, as seems the wise choice in the case of many of the characters, for money and financial security. Pride and Prejudice explores the situations that many young ladies found themselves put in, and whether or not it was possible to achieve fulfilment and happiness if you were to marry for the latter. In the Bennet household, particularly, marriage is a very poignant subject. For Mrs Bennet, she feels it is essential for her girls (and for herself) that they should marry well, as otherwise they stand to lose everything without a son to take over the estate. Her feelings are made clear at the beginning, once she has heard that a wealthy Mr Bingley has recently moved to the neighbourhood. Without any knowledge or regard for his character, she immediately jumps to the conclusion that it is ‘a fine thing for our girls’. This statement is made purely on the awareness of his handsome fortune, and of the happiness and fortune that it could bring her. She uses the word ‘girls’, and this shows that she doesn’t care for individual happiness, but she does want one of them married to him, never mind which. Her own marriage is described as lacking in ‘respect, esteem and confidence’, and through Elizabeth’s eyes it is improper and ‘unsuitable’. Although their marriage was based chiefly on an attraction on Mr Bennet’s part, Jane Austen states that it had been an ‘imprudent’ move, and that he ‘had married a woman whose weak understanding and illiberal mind had very early in their marriage put an end to all real affection.’ The only happiness he seems to have from the marriage is his constant mocking of his wife for his own amusement, and marvelling at her ignorance. The marriage which exists is based on a fancy rather than the three qualities that Jane Austen, through Elizabeth, attributes to true marital happiness for both partners: respect, esteem and confidence, which is exactly what Mr and Mrs Bennet don’t have for each other. Mrs Bennet, for her own daughter’s marriages, sees the purpose as a way of supporting themselves, and gaining some kind of financial security, and the bigger the fortune, the better the match. When Elizabeth turns down the heir to Longbourn, Mr Collins, she says to her daughter â€Å"If you go on refusing every offer of marriage, you will never get a husband, and I am sure I do not know who is to maintain you when your father is dead.† This view is one shared by Charlotte, although she does not air her opinions so openly. Charlotte Lucas is a realist. Her role in the book is to represent the thoughts and intentions of many ladies in eighteenth century society. What numerous young women were doing, whether they were influenced by their mothers or not, was to make a cautious and prudent marriage. As a girl of twenty-seven, plain, and in danger of dying an old maid, she has taken on the view that ‘happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance’ is a reference to the fact that women did pre-dominantly marry for money, not indeed love. She even goes as far as to advise Elizabeth on a match with Mr Darcy, although Elizabeth’s feelings are prejudiced towards him. She tells Elizabeth ‘not to be a simpleton, and allow her fancy for Wickham make her appear unpleasant in the eyes of [Darcy] a man ten times his consequence.’ This shows her prudence, that although Elizabeth has admitted she has feelings for Wickham, she should keep herself open to anyone who pays her a compliment, and is wealthier. It is this theory that influences her own marriage with Mr Collins, for although there is no real affection on her side, he can offer her protection and a comfortable life. The practical nature of her marriage causes her to justify herself to her best friend, and she openly admits to her ‘I am not a romantic, I never was’. Immediately, this tells us that this marriage is not the result of a passionate affair, it is the conclusion that her ‘chance of happiness with him is as fair as most people can boast on entering the marriage state.’ This statement is quite shocking, because it means the wedding takes place with no real affection on either side: it is done merely for self-gain. This view is also made clear when she comments on Jane and Bingley’s relationship: ‘When [Jane] is secure of him (i.e. a wedding or engagement has taken place), there will be leisure for falling in love as much as she chuses.’ Although Mr Collins seems to be happy, when he tells Elizabeth that ‘We (he and Charlotte) seem to have been designed for each other,’ we have to go back to the fact that Charlotte was his third choice. He had favoured Jane, before Mrs Bennet enlightened him with the information that she believed that she would soon be engaged to Bingley, and it was only afterwards, when Elizabeth had turned his offer of marriage down, that he showed any regard for Charlotte. He proposed twice in three days, and so it is clear that no real feelings of admiration on either part could have developed strongly. This marriage is established on the ground that Mr Collins wants to set an example to his parishioners, and, more importantly in his eyes, to please his wealthy patroness, Lady Catherine. Mr. Collins also remarks on Elizabeth’s situation, as his wife had done previously when he says that her ‘portion is unhappily so small that it will in all likelihood undo the effects of [her] loveliness and amiable qualifications.’ The Lucases are by no means wealthy, but Mr Collins is not looking for wealth, he is looking to add to his happiness by obtaining a companion. He came with the intention of returning home with a Bennet bride, but failing that he has an intelligent, practical woman, who has gone into a marriage with no pre-wedding romance, but to be content with her quite prosperous situation. As Elizabeth observes, Charlotte was ‘disgracing herself and sunk in her esteem, was added the distressing conviction that it was impossible for that friend to be tolerably happy in the lot she had chosen.’ In direct contrast to Charlotte’s carefully thought about match, Lydia rushes into a passionate and imprudent marriage. Society almost expected women to marry above their own wealth and station, to make a sensible union, but it was a disgrace to have an affair – it was essential that a woman should keep her virtue. Lydia, however, did the latter but not the first. Inside these parameters, Lydia is a slur on her already tarnished family name. Herr quite insincere love caused her to follow her heart, and go against the foresight that was instilled in so many young women, essentially from birth. Her love can be described more as a ‘fancy’, because it holds none of the virtues so important to Elizabeth, and therefore Jane Austen’s eyes: respect, esteem and gratitude. However, the match between herself and Wickham gives them both happiness, and, although her family does not share their feelings, her decision, however misguided, does give her happiness. Prior to the marriage, she writes ‘for there is but one man in the world I love, and he is an angel’. This view is in opposition to Charlotte’s, that one must marry into good fortune, and then see what happiness may come of it, if any at all. Lydia’s perception of Wickham is unchanged when she writes again, once Elizabeth and Darcy are married. She says that ‘If you love Mr Darcy half so well as I do my dear Wickham, you must be very happy.’ Although on initially embarking on her elopement, the marriage looked as though it was a flirtatious whim, especially on the part of Wickham, by the end, there is no real relationship development, except that they still love each other. From the circumstances surrounding both of their families, it is safe to say that Wickham is not marrying for wealth, it is for his apparent love for Lydia. Previously, he had been engaged to Mary King, a wealthy heiress of ten thousand pounds, and Elizabeth had said of the match ‘a wise and desirable measure for both; handsome young men must have something to live on, as well as the plain.’ As Colonel Fitzwilliam said of men ‘Our habits of expense make us too dependent, and there are not many in my rank of life who can afford to marry without some attention to money’. However, these same motives are not seen in his match with Lydia, although it is true to say that unless Darcy had intervened, they may not have married. Elizabeth also observes that his affections for Lydia were ‘not equal to Lydia’s for him†¦.that their elopement had been brought on by the strength of her love’. She also wonders why ‘he chose to elope with her at all’, before coming to the conclusion that some financial gain must have been the reason, ‘and if that were the case, he was not the young man to resist an opportunity of having a companion’. However, these reasons have not impaired Lydia’s enjoyment of married life, nor Wickham’s, as she is constantly praising him – he is always her ‘dear’, and he did ‘everything the best in the world’. Whether these observations are made due to Lydia’s ignorance, or her blindness in her fancy, she does not seem to have tired of him, as Mr Bennet had of Mrs Bennet soon after their wedding. Someone who has married for both money and affection is Jane. There is a mutual attraction between her and Mr Bingley, and this leads onto, we presume, matrimonial bliss. Their relationship is fixed firmly on a rational basis, and they both share an optimistic view of the world. Elizabeth, early on in the book, comments on the likelihood that Jane’s marriage would be for money, not love, but by the end, Jane and Bingley’s equally happy manners and charming countenances mean that there is equality in their affections – unlike Wickham and Lydia, where there is more fondness on her side. Their shared admiration for one another gives the foundation for equilibrium, that there will be a good balance of respect, esteem and confidence on both sides. Mr Bingley says that ‘he could not conceive an angel more attractive,’ while Jane says of Bingley, albeit in private, that ‘she never saw such happy manners’. With these observations, this is a match will lead to domestic felicity – that luck and chance will have no role in the marriage; it has been carefully thought out, and although it is practical, it is also a match which will bring happiness on both sides. Elizabeth describes him as ‘violently in love’, and goes on to say, at the request of her aunt, that he was ‘wholly engrossed in her’ and his inattention to anyone else, meant that this was ‘the very essence of love.’ Mr Bennet, immediately after the engagement had been announced tells his daughter that ‘you will be a very happy woman†¦I have no doubt of your doing very well together.’ These views are ones shared by all, because it is obvious from their first physical attraction, and also their same manner, that they were well suited, and that their pleasure is secured by such high regard. However, when Elizabeth announces her engagement, her father is not as convinced that she will be as happy as Jane is. Her knowledge of Darcy’s gallantry has grown, whereas her father’s has been stifled, and so he doubts her true happiness when he says: ‘I know your true disposition, Lizzy. I know that you could be neither happy nor respectable unless you truly esteemed your husband.’ However, his understanding of her true feelings could not be further from the truth. Throughout the entire book, it seems Darcy and Elizabeth’s relationship is the only one that has grown in understanding and estimation of one another. Respect on both sides has grown, because as they have gained more knowledge, they have also gained more esteem. This is the one relationship where there is a true shift from almost hate to true love. The re-assessment of characters allows us to see the real feelings behind the relationship, and even with Jane and Bingley’s, although they respect one another, their connection is based centrally around admiration, whereas Darcy and Elizabeth have had to conquer their own pride and prejudice to have a full understanding of each other. Throughout the novel, Austen dropped hints about Darcy’s interest into Elizabeth’s intriguing character, but Elizabeth showed no interest in Darcy, except to air her feelings of intolerance at his proud nature. Mrs Gardiner, whose marriage is a very good example of what a successful relationship should aim to achieve, is very motherly towards Elizabeth and gives her competent advice, rather than nonsensical schemes for marriage. She advises her on her fancy for Mr Wickham: ‘affection for Wickham would be so very imprudent because of his want of fortune’. The relationships in the book are mainly seen through the eyes of Elizabeth, and it is she who determines whether they are happy or not. She was full of scorn for Charlotte’s match with her father’s cousin, and when she advised Elizabeth that Jane should ‘secure’ him and than fall in love, she made a witty and ironic comment, which tells us that she would only marry for a love that had been determined before a ceremony: ‘Where nothing is in question but the desire of being well married; and if I were determined to get a rich husband, or any husband, I dare say I should adopt it.’ In short, Lizzy represents Austen’s own view on marriage, that one should truly know, admire and respect a person before entering the state. Her mother complained to Mrs Gardiner, that had it not been for Lizzy’s ‘perverseness’ she could have married Mr Collins. With views such as this, it is little wonder that the intelligent Elizabeth has such guarded opinion of marriage: she had always been aware of the ‘impropriety’ of her own parent’s union, that this could put her off entering into marriage with someone she did not hold esteem for. It is this reasoning that allows her to fall in love with Darcy, and visa versa. Her unconventional views on what should be established prior to an engagement contrast with many of the motives for the marriages in the book. Lydia and Wickham, as well as Mr Bennet had all been headlong in their reasons, and these marriages, although they could bring happiness for at least some amount of time would not have been as morally successful as Elizabeth and Darcy, whose marriage is based on mutual esteem. Whereas Charlotte had thought about the espousal, and then agreed, much to the disdain of her friend, her happiness is impaired, because the marriage is not based on love, as Elizabeth’s is, it is principled on common gain, as were many matches in the society. Not only do Darcy and Elizabeth respect and gratify each other, they also share common interests, such as reading, as well as having the same elegant tastes. These qualities ensure happiness, unlike Mr and Mrs Bennet, where stimulation of the mind is essential to one, and stimulation of the tongue necessary for the other. Pride and Prejudice is a very good example of what different types of marriages can achieve: a good home and security, passion and fun or intelligent companionship. Marriage opens up different ways to different types of happiness, but true happiness can only be achieved on the grounds of honour and deference. Lydia, and to some extent Wickham, are happy, despite the different morals in their marriage, when compared to Charlotte and Mr Collins marriage. Darcy and Elizabeth are happy because they knew, appreciated and respected each other before entering matrimony, whereas Wickham and Lydia entered marriage with little but their fancy for each other to base their lives together on. In my opinion, Darcy and Elizabeth’s match is better, because their happiness is determined before marriage, not decided afterwards. ‘Happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance’ is true to some marriages, but in a carefully calculated marriage, based on respect, esteem and confidence, the question of chance is indifferent.   

Human behavior Essay

Behavior of individuals in various settings is at times very difficult due to ethical constraints. This includes the investigation of why people take risks or gamble with their decision making processes. However, it is quite interesting to note that on situations which are not so threatening for individuals, it is apparent that people typically take risks in picking their options or when making their final choice. The following shows available data on human motivation and the theories surrounding the topic. Risk taking is defined as â€Å"engaging in any activity with an uncertain outcome,† as one scholar puts it. Theories of Motivation on Risk Taking Different theories describe and explain risk taking and why human beings are motivated to pursue or engage in activities or behavior that put their lives in much danger or create an element of risk of whatever form. The following are taken from current literature in the field of human behavior analysis. 1. Psychoanalytic or Psychodynamic Theory. Following the tradition of Freud, human motivation to take risks is taken from the basic understanding that when people feel fear in a certain situation or occasion, it is not good to overcome that fear. Freudian theory condemns outrightly risk taking as plain insanity. It reasons that to risk man’s very life has no warrant at all. It is nonsense. In other important spheres of life, however, to risk is inevitable and deemed necessary. There are many successful people in the business world who are known as risk takers (Llewellyn, 2003). They succeed, in fact, because of this unique attitude in them which is considered foolhardy in other realms. While it is true that life is the most precious commodity a man could ever possess, and to risk it is foolishness, it is equally true that not to risk at all in other areas means cowardice and immobility. Psychoanalysts even treat risk-taking behavior as a symptom of â€Å"a diseased mind. † Because for them, life is not to be gambled, therefore, it is insanity when someone chooses bungee-jumping as his/her sport (Llewellyn, 2003). 2. The Evolutionary Theory. Evolutionary theory explained man’s adventurous nature as simply an expression of his primal instincts (Llewellyn, 2003). Assuming that Darwin’s theory is correct, that man evolved from apes like common animal, a human early in the evolutionary process had to fight for his life to survive. This survival nature, according to this theory, is retained in modern man’s genetic make up (Llewellyn, 2003). This is the reason why even those people in the elite echelon of society choose to use their favorite sport like riding a dirigible as their campaign tool to promote their business. The problem with this theory is that it has remained to be unproven and lacking in evidences as yet. Humans are not proven to have descended from apes. 3. Contemporary Theories a. Extroversion and Introversion Personality theories contend that this two broad scope of personality traits capture the individual’s propensity towards behaving in certain ways. Extroversion helps explain why some people tend to be outgoing and hence, the greater the probability to engage in risky decisions (Llewellyn, 2003). b. Emotional Stability and Neuroticism This is another of the Contemporary theories that shed light on traits that remain stable over a period of time, clearly indicating which may best describe an individual and what differs him/her from another. Emotionally stable people, as those who posit on this model, may take risks but have taken many things to great lengths in order to get the best possible option or alternative (Llewellyn, 2003). Conversely, people who are more on the neuroticism side manifest the greater tendency to take risks without much weighing on the consequences. The tendency to be impulsive is to a higher degree present in individuals under this category. 4. Eysenck and Costa and McCrae’s model These two theorists added their own version to the array of personality theories. The former has the Psychoticism versus Humaneness dimension while the latter two theorists added three dimensions: Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, and Agreeableness. The main argument against these classifications is its narrowness in explaining and categorizing the complexities that make human behavior (Llewellyn, 2003). While they help explore different behaviors or attitudes, there are more that remained unexplained. Until now, certain serial killers or murderers, defy the above mentioned explanations of human behavior. 5. The Zuckerman ‘Sensation Seeking Trait’ Although an expansion on one of the features of Psychoticism and Humaneness model, Sensation Seeking helps also explain the differences between individuals. There are people who do have a higher degree of this trait; like more men seek sensation-enhancing-experiences or â€Å"venturesome† traits, while others have very minimal of this trait. This is what Zuckerman refers to in his Sensation seeking trait theory. What other experts consider as this theory’s limitation is embedded in the matter of other personality traits’ influence on risk taking behavior other than this trait by itself. Studies reveal that the psychological profiles of risk takers are diverse and the universality of this trait is still further being investigated (Llewellyn, 2003). Risk taking is a fascinating area of interest for many students of human behavior. When explored through the eyes of a Psychoanalyst, the subject becomes even more intriguing because Freudian understanding possesses an attractive alternative to the more cognitive way of assessing risk taking behavior. When the subject of evolutionary psychology of explaining risk taking behavior is concerned, it contains a ring of truth in it that many today are convinced of its manner of explaining behavior. Instinct is still a potent facet in behavior that cannot be eradicated from the study of behavior of humans (Llewellyn, 2003). When people are confronted with the distinctiveness of the human personality, the dimensions are almost unlimited; some experts opt for the multi-dimensional method while others choose the narrow and concise way. All of these approaches have their strengths and weaknesses; degree of breadth and limitations. However, they are good and profitable for jumpstarting further explorations into the human psyche and its accompanying expressions. Reference: 1. Llewellyn, David J. 2003. The Psychology of Risk Taking. Accessed in www. risktaking. co. uk.

Evolution in the English Language

Evolution in the English Language English is now indisputably an international language. It even has a new acronym: ELF, or English as a Lingua Franca. However, unlike French or Latin, the original LFs only of the European world, English is literally everywhere, and is the default language for many industries and fields of study and employment.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Evolution in the English Language specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Whether you are travelling, living abroad in an Anglophone country, or studying English in school, you will find that there is not just one variant of English. If you are not careful, you can run afoul of regional differences in word usage that can embarrass or inconvenience you, and may detract from the clarity of your writing. Because of the mix of ethnicities that makes up the USA, American English has evolved along different lines. Thus, a British speaker and an American speaker can find themselves talking at cross purposes unless they understand the idiomatic differences between the two regional forms of the language. The following are some examples from personal experience: Consider the classic error made by a British hotel guest when suggesting to an attractive young person that they sightsee together the following day. â€Å"Shall I come round and knock you up in the morning?† asks the Brit, and the American wonders why this ill-mannered lout wishes to get her with child. The phrase â€Å"to knock up† is US slang for getting someone pregnant. He could have said, â€Å"Shall I knock on your door in the morning?† and this international incident would have been averted entirely. And by the way, the phrase â€Å"young person† is another Briticism, albeit one that may be a bit vintage. Americans would speak of a â€Å"young lady† if they have any manners. Another classic mistake can occur in a â€Å"pub† (known to Yanks as a â€Å"bar†), when someone offers â€Å"cider†. In the USA, almost without exception, â€Å"cider† is unfiltered apple juice. It is served as an eco-friendly and often locally sourced alternative to less healthy â€Å"soft† (non-alcoholic) beverages such as Coke, Pepsi, Dr. Pepper or other overpriced mixtures of sugar water, caramel coloring, and marketing. In Britain, on the other hand, the term â€Å"cider† refers to a fairly potent (and tasty) fermented version of apple juice that can set the unwary imbiber reeling. Cider was once fermented enthusiastically everywhere in the colonies, as was Perry, or pear cider, but Prohibition nearly wiped that industry out. It making a comeback as an alcoholic drink, along with locally made sausage, and boutique beers, but it will be reliably referred to as â€Å"hard cider†.Advertising Looking for article on languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As l ong as we are on the topic of embarrassing mistakes, consider the word â€Å"rubber†. In the USA, this refers to the substance derived from latex, but also to male contraceptives, or condoms, which protect the male reproductive organ, or â€Å"pecker† (USA). In the UK, the word â€Å"rubber† refers to an eraser, and the â€Å"pecker† is the chin, meaning that â€Å"keeping one’s pecker up† is a phrase to use with care. Another pitfall phrase is â€Å"on the job†. In the USA, this means literally while working – as in â€Å"managerial training on the job†. In British English, on the other hand, this can refer to that most intimate of consensual interpersonal activities, so avoid this phrase unless you are sure of your audience! â€Å"Fannies† in the USA are what a lady sits upon, but in Britain, the word refers to her most female of parts. This is another word to avoid! Now that we are all thoroughly embarrassed, c onsider the word that, in Britain, is used to refer to cigarettes, or at least used to be; â€Å"f*g†. In the USA, this pejorative and offensive term for a homosexual should really be avoided entirely. Another explosive word, ni**er, seems to be used in the UK to apply to all people with dark skin. In the USA, this is called the n-word, and refers usually to those whose African ancestors were enslaved. These words have such hurtful connotations that the best strategy is to just find different ways to describe others. Moving on to happier topics, and remembering the popular modern adage, â€Å"Life is short; eat dessert first†, take note that the traveler who asks for â€Å"pudding† in the UK will be served a sweet ending to a meal of almost any type. In the USA, however, â€Å"pudding† means a very specific sweet; a soft composition of milk and eggs (or the modern food chemist’s equivalent thereof), cooked to a consistency that sticks to the spoon. A baked mixture of milk, eggs, and sugar, with bread cubes, cooked rice, pasta, or tapioca, generates a nearly endless ethnic and regional variety of â€Å"puddings† (bread pudding, noodle kugel, etc.). They can all be yummy in the hands of a deft cook. Likewise, â€Å"biscuits† in the UK are a â€Å"cookie† in the USA. American â€Å"biscuits† are actually a quick bread, not made with yeast, but with baking powder and a great deal of shortening (butter, lard, or vegetable fat). They are not sweet, but serve as a magnificent transport mechanism for gravy, drippings, butter, honey, maple syrup, sorghum syrup, or fruit preserves. A specialized American use of biscuits is strawberry shortcake, which originally meant a biscuit (salty) topped with fresh berries (sweet and tart) and whipped cream (richly unctuous and perhaps sweet).Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Evolution in the English Language specifically for you for only $16 .05 $11/page Learn More This is all fun, but there are additionally serious differences that anyone trying to live, work, or study internationally needs to remember. These divergences in practice are extensive and keeping a reference list at hand or bookmarked on the computer is a good idea. Here is a sampling: In American English, teams and corporations usually take singular forms of verbs (e.g., Apple Corporation has brought out a new model), whereas in the UK, they often take plural forms (e.g., Manchester United are the winners. This is an instant signal indicating where one’s English was learned. British English uses shall more often than will. In British English, the preposition from is used to indicate start times (e.g., Classes start from Monday), whereas in American English, the word â€Å"starting† or the preposition â€Å"on† is used instead (e.g., Classes start on Monday†, or â€Å"It will run six weeks, starting Monday† ). Americans enroll in courses, go to addresses on streets, and enroll in courses, while Brits use the other preposition. As English is used more and more widely and by peoples all over the world, there will be inevitable evolution in the language. What will â€Å"correct English† mean in 10, or 50 years? This subject is much too large for this article, but is the subject of serious academic consideration. In the meantime, try to use local variants but don’t let worry keep you from trying out your English in every possible situation.

ABA - Applied Behavior Analysis

ABA - Applied Behavior Analysis ABA or Applied Behavior Analysis is a time tested and data-based strategy for teaching children with disabilities. It is most often used with children with autistic spectrum disorders but is an effective tool for children with behavioral disorders, multiple disabilities, and severe intellectual handicaps. It is the only treatment for Autistic Spectrum disorders approved by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration.) ABA is based on the work of B.F. Skinner, also known as the father of Behaviorism.   Behaviorism is a scientific means of understanding behavior.   Known as the three-term contingency, behavior is stimulus, response, and reinforcement.   It is also understood as Antecedent, Behavior, and Consequence, or ABC.   The ABCs of ABA The antecedent is what happens before the behavior, and may or may not have a causal relationship.  The behavior is what the subject does:   we try to operationalize the behavior, or find a way to objectively describe the behavior.   We would not say Jimmy was disrespectful, we would say Jimmy shouted at the teacher and called her an inappropriate racially charged term.  Finally, the consequence, or what happens after the behavior.   It is usually here that we look for the reinforcement: in other words, what Jimmy gets out of calling the teacher that bad name.   Is it attention from his peers?   Is it being sent to the office so he misses the spelling test?   Another scientist who significantly credited with developing ABA was Ivar Lovaas, a psychologist at the University of California Los Angeles.   His seminal work in applying behaviorism to children significantly disabled with autism led to what we now call ABA.   For many people, behaviorism seems overly mechanistic.   Human beings are value and meaning assigning creatures, and we would like to believe that there is some powerful underlying mystic about behaviorhence Freudianism.   Although it may seem simplistic, behaviorism may be the best way to strip away all our cultural prejudices and see behaviors as they are.   This is especially helpful with children with autism, who have difficulty with communication, appropriate social interaction, and language.   Moving to the three-term contingency helps us evaluate what we really see when we see a behavior.   So Jimmy tantrums?   What is the antecedent?   Does it cause it?   What does the behavior look like?   And finally, what happens when Jimmy tantrums?   ABA has proven to be an effective means to support appropriate social, functional and even academic behavior.   A special form of ABA, known as VBA or Verbal Behavioral Analysis, applies the tenets of ABA to language; hence Verbal Behavior. The BACB, or Behavior Analyst Certification Board, is the international organization that certifies professionals who design and create the therapies that are used, especially what are called Discrete Trials.   Discrete trials involve the stimulus, response, reinforcement three-term contingency mentioned above. The BACB also maintains a roster of local BCBAs who can provide services to children with autism. Also Known As: VBA, Lovaas

Business Marketing Communication Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Experimental Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Experimental Research - Essay Example On the other hand, the prevailing data just prior to the initiation of price promotion will also be gathered. This is to ensure finding the potential impact of price promotion on the number or average number of tissues sold each week for the two-month-period experiment. In other words, there must be a comparison of data, because this is one of the ways in order to know if there is an existing relationship between the price promotion and the number of items sold for tissue. The 50 cents off-coupon should be denoted â€Å"1†. The buy-one-get-one-free promotion should be denoted â€Å"2†. And finally, the no promotion or regular price offering should be denoted as â€Å"3†. In this way, the actual data should look like what is presented in Table 1. The point of denoting the price promotion into numerical values is to be able to use a quantitative method of analysis that will determine the relationship or the cause and effect of price promotion and the number of items of tissue that will be sold. If there is an existing relationship this means that there should be either a higher positive or negative correlation between the chosen variables, the price promotion and the number of quantity sold for tissue product as shown in Figure 1. After conducting a correlation analysis, the regression analysis will also be conducted in order to determine the actual model showcasing the actual relationship between the chosen variables. In other words, the experiment will not only test the relationship of the variables, but their actual associations. This is one way of knowing or representing the cause and effect relationship of the dependent and independent variables of the

Medieval Philosophy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Medieval Philosophy - Assignment Example Hence, metaphysical forces, including heavenly bodies and evil spirits, constrain human desires and create hurdles on the way to getting involved in different activities out of their free will. Furthermore, since the blessings and bounties showered by God upon humans, bring joys in their life, so humans must seek His protection in order to escape misfortunes in life. However, God has also granted powers to the evil forces existing in the universe and has allowed them to hurt and harm the individuals through their trickery. These forces tempt humans to follow their desires without making the adequate judgment between right and wrong. Consequently, there seems to be a high probability of humans to become prey to the evil temptations by extending their wishes and desires to a great extent. As a result, natural forces inflict the humans with deprivations that constraint their free will and limit their actions and conducts for the future days to come on the basis of the foreknowledge the Providence maintains. Question 3 (Answer): Contemporary era theologian and philosopher, Nelson Pike, has critically examined the Boethius’ doctrine regarding omniscience and free will. Since Boethius has submitted his claim that it is omniscience that constrains human free will, no human action is free and independent one in its nature and scope. However, Pike refutes the very notion by declaring it false and against the very evidence altogether. Pike is of the view that since God is all-Knowing and all-Powerful, He has foreknowledge of each and every incident that would happen in the life of every human throughout his life. Pike supports his thesis with several illustrations and examples, in order to clarify his argument regarding the powers granted to humans by the Lord for performing their domestic and professional duties and obligations. If a person, Pike argues, is determined to do something either trivial or important, God certainly maintains foreknowledge of it. Howeve r, He has allowed humans to apply their free will, out of their personal choices, in order to perform their everyday activities without any hurdle or obstacle on the way. In other words, though every incident to be taken place in the world in the life of humans is in the knowledge of God, yet He does not restrict the humans from taking part in individual and collective activities of their choice by constraining each and every human action. On the contrary, He has gifted the humans with the powers to even negate His very existence, as atheist observe, though He has complete foreknowledge of it. If God starts imposing constraints on every human action, then there would neither be any space for the atheists and infidels nor could humans be able to make this world a region where crimes, offenses, sins, and law-breaking occur very frequently. Thus, Pike nullifies Boethius’s doctrine that God’s omniscience limits human actions in such a powerful manner that it destroys the c oncept of free will altogether. However, Boethius does not claim that every human action is barred by the natural regulatory authorities.