So Deeply To Be Reverenced, So Fair, Essays - Divine Comedy

So deeply to be reverenced, so fair, My lady is when her smile bestows, All sound of speaking falters to a close And eyes which would behold her do not dare Of praises sung of her she is aware, Yet clad in sweet humility she goes A miracle in which the world may share. Dante Alighieri Sonet XXVI Lavita Nueva At age nine, Dante was graced by the beauty of Beatrice Portinari, and for the rest of his life, many of his writings portrayed his intense love for merely the thought of her which seemed to haunt him. Although his relationship with her was only from afar, within his mind, Beatrice captivated him as he believed she was a miracle sent from heaven. Women have been portrayed in every way throughout time. More often, women have portrayed as a model of Eve, the misguided seductress of Adam in the Bible. The lure of a woman is ambiguous, a mystery of the sensual persona that has captivated many medieval writers. Dante does not portray women as the weakness of all man, instead in his Comedia, Beatrice is the divine beauty and guide of his journey into heaven. Undoubtedly, Beatrice captivated Dante enough for him to dedicate his Comedia to, and through his vivid imagination, he recreates her as a heavenly spirit who protects his ultimate fate as she is the most influencial character. Dante wrote La Comedia in the age of religious devotion and fear of sin, which signifies La Comedia as an ultimate portrayal of medieval thought. A sure anxiety of the afterlife was cultivated by the rise of Christianity. What is the ultimate sin? How does one repent sin? What is the journey of the afterlife? Endless questions surely haunted the medieval mind, and Dante was surely fascinated by the possibilities. Within his curiosities was beatrice, who enchanted Dante and possibly encouraged his medieval mind, and Dante was surely fascinated by the possibilities. Within his curiosities was Beatrice, who enchanted Dante and possibly encouraged his writing of La Comedia after her death. My Soul- Such years had passed since last it saw that lady and stood trembling in her presence, stupefied by the power of holy awe- now, by some power that shone from her above the reach and witness of my mortal eyes, felt the full mastery of enduring love. Dante Alighieri La Comedia Canto XXX Purgatorio This is Dante's first sight of Beatrice in La Comedia. He has not seen her in ten years since her death, but at this first sight, he immediately feels his deep love for her. He dresses her in the colors of hope, faith and caritas, three divine qualities that he saw in her earthly presence and also here, on his way to Paradiso. Beatrice as a woman was Dante's inspiration, and even after her death, he portrays her as his most divine persona of perfection. In the medieval Christian mind, all divine beings (such as Beatrice) could read into the true soul of a mortal man. It is difficult to analyze Dante's motivation to write La Comedia, but his portrayal of Beatrice may have been a personal prayer to her. If Dante revealed his enchantment of her soul, his belief that she was a miracle sent from God, and his absolute love that consumed his every thought, possibly she would allow him into her heart when he died and made his own journey into heaven. Oh lady in whom my hope shall ever soar and who my salvation suffered even to set your feet upon Hell's broken floor Through your power and your excellence alone have I recognized the goodness and the grace inherent in the things I have been shown. Dante Aligheri La Comedia Canto XXXI Paradiso Throughout his life, Dante's most profound writings have been inspired by his utmost love for Beatrice. Dante graciously thanks Beatrice for his understanding of the divine virtues in his Comedia. Throughout his life, Dante had been inspired by the mere presence of her beauty and grace on earth, and as he portrayed her angelic persona in La Comedia. La Vita Nueva was a poetry book devoted solely to her, as La Comedia was his ultimate vision and appreciation of her

Anti-Inflationary Policies and the Issue of Credibility of Central Banks Essays

Anti-Inflationary Policies and the Issue of Credibility of Central Banks Essays Anti-Inflationary Policies and the Issue of Credibility of Central Banks Essay Anti-Inflationary Policies and the Issue of Credibility of Central Banks Essay Anti-inflationary policies are the policies taken by the government to announce inflation target lowering it to zero, in the beginning of the year, which at that time is considered optimal. The government wants to keep the inflation level low in an economy. It is the continuous rise in the general price level of goods and services over a period of time in an economy. As we know inflation can cause serious social consequences, if it’s not perfectly anticipated, money as a measure of value or as a medium of exchange is undermined.The issue of credibility The announcement of the government of anti-inflation will form expectations and be embedded into contracts. Wage contracts are also signed in this period. In this circumstance, the policymaker has a chance to induce a surprise inflation leading to an increase in inflation level and a decrease in the level of unemployment. This may be desirable, particularly if the natural level of unemployment is consider ed too high from a social point of view, so that during the year a higher inflation would have been optimal.And as this has been undertaken by the government a number of times, the announcements are not considered credible. The private sector can foresee the consequent move by the government and does not take into account the announcement, since in the past the government induced surprise inflation, although this inducement is not the response to any change in the environment but the change in policy action of the private sector itself. This brings in the time-inconsistency problem, where there are considerable two players, private sector and the policy maker (here, government).Knowing that the final unemployment rate would be UN, the government choose to minimise inflation by promising to drive down ? to 0. The private sector then predicts the government’s final move and makes a choice regardless of the policy and forces the policy maker to make the final decision at ? gt; 0 , which means accommodating positive inflation with no gain in unemployment level: inflationary bias. And countries with high inflationary bias are said to have the credibility problem as the private sector realise the government’s incentive for inducing surprise inflation.This lack of credibility leads to an undesirable aftermath. The monetary authority will have to accommodate higher wage pressures and inflationary expectations in order to keep the unemployment level in control. Although, according to the literature by Kydland and Prescott in 1977 the credibility problems occurs when the monetary authorities have the short run incentive to achieve an output or employment target that is above the NAIRU OR market-clearing level. It can even arise in the absence of conflict of objectives between the private sector and policy maker.The time-inconsistency also arises even if policy maker decides to stabilise the economy at NAIRU but with forward-looking variables like inflation or long-run interest rate or even exchange rate. Solution to time-inconsistency problem The main solution to this time-inconsistency problem causing an inflationary bias, could be a constitutional rule, or a central bank independence combined with an optimal inflation contract (Walsh,1998) or an optimal inflation target (Svensson,1997a). And it is Rogoff who has proposed to delegate monetary policy to an independent and conservative central banker to reduce the inflationary bias.This meant that inflation stabilisation would be given up for output stabilisation. The numerical analysis below explains how the degree of independence and conservativeness effect the level of inflation. (Berger, Haan Eijffinger,2000) The policymakers seek to minimise the loss function of the government which is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ is output †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ is desired output †¦.. is gove rnment’s weight on output stabilization Lucas supply function by which output is driven is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. is actual inflation †¦.. is expected inflation †¦is a random shock with mean 0 and variance†¦ Taking the inflation expectation as given, the policy makers minimise the loss function on a periodic basis. With rational expectations inflation is: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The first term on the right hand side is the ‘inflationary bias’ and the second term reflects to the degree to which stabilisation of output shocks influence inflation. If a conservative central banker is charge of the monetary policy the loss function would be †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. is additional inflation aversion of the central banker.According to Eijffinger and Hoeberichts ( 1998), the money supply can be modelled as: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦.. is the degree of central bank independence. So, after minimising government’s loss function, with rational expectations, inflation will be depicted as†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Comparing the inflation level it can be seen that the inflationary bias is lower for positive values of †¦.. and †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ It does show that lower level of inflation will be achieved by delegating monetary policy to a conservative and independent central bank.But if the central banker and the government has the same inflation aversion, (? =0) the independence does not matter and in the same way, if the central bank is fully controlled by the government, (? =0) the conservativene ss does not matter, unless it is the optimal combination of ? and ?. However, McCallum (1995) criticised this solution of reducing inflation bias. He argued that delegation barely relocates the time inconsistency problem rather than resolving it, since the government can still induce surprise inflation if it changes the terms of delegation.But, the time inconsistency problem is reduced to some extent if it’s costly to change delegation. Then again the central bank independence is also dependent on the legislators who can change the law. Legislation of a law to create an independent central bank and authorise it to direct its policies to achieve price stability is one of the mechanisms to overcome the incentive problems of monetary policy. Others include the contracting approach, where application of ideas from principal agent literature is the optimal contract.According to Walsh(1995), an optimal linear inflation contract can eliminate the inflationary bias without distorting the stabilisation policy. And the linear contract can be mapped into an inflation target shown by Svensson(1997). But the problem that occurs with this is that when the inflation is high, the government has no incentive to enforce the contract, it will try to encourage the central bank to be more expansionary when there is high unemployment. According to the empirical evidence it has been seen that central bank independence (CBI) helps to reduce inflation.Cukierman stated that in industrialised countries, CBI and inflation are negatively correlated although in developing countries the CBI index is not correlated with inflation. The cross-country analysis showed an empirical link between credibility and central bank independence. High degree of CBI is said to be associated with low inflation and the economies do not suffer from above-average output volatility. Although the direction of causality is questioned and Posen(1995) suggested that it goes from low inflation to high CBI rath er that the normally assumed ‘high CBI helps to control inflation’.Societies with a stable economic environment are likely to encourage and support independent monetary institutions which, in turn are more effective in controlling inflation. Although the cross-sectional analysis might show misleading results since it omits country-specific features which might be simultaneously correlated to the degree of independence of the central bank(Muscatelli Trecroci, 2000). Theoretically the concept of conservativeness in central bank might work, but practically, it seems void because the positions in the governing board of a central bank are not easy to identify and they change term-wise.Cukierman and Grilli et al. showed that instrument independence effects inflation performance but conservativeness has little or no impact. The emphasis is on the importance of institutions is mixed and the cross-country evidence involves problems of interpretation. Optimal inflation targeting Another measure, inflation targeting can be used to reduce the inflationary bias and many countries has adopted this as their monetary policy regime. It enables the monetary policy to focus on domestic considerations and also is understood by the public and thus highly transparent.With an explicit inflation target, this regime helps to reduce the chance of the central bank to falling in a time-inconsistency trap. And since time-inconsistency is likely to come from political pressures, the central bank can focus on controlling inflation rather than rising economic growth and the number of jobs through expansionary monetary policy(Mishkin,1999). Friedman and Kuttner(1996) have criticised the regime of inflation targeting because, according to them, it imposes a rigid rule on the policy makers and makes it difficult for them to have discretion in responding to unforeseen circumstances.But according to Mishkin(1999) useful strategies those are ‘rule-like’ and involve forwar d looking behaviour, constrains policy makers from undertaking policies with undesirable long-run consequences. Inflation targeting requires that the central bank should use all information available to determine the optimal policy to achieve the inflation target. And it is practised with a substantial degree of discretion. Through its transparency this regime increases the central bank’s accountability, which contains discretion so that it can help to amend the time inconsistency problem.Conclusions According the evidence provided, we can see that both independence and conservativeness matter for inflation performance, provided that the government cannot change delegation at zero cost. The issue of credibility of policies takes the government’s reputation of an economy at stake and causes the time-inconsistency problem. Pressures from government might force the policymakers to take decisions that lead to reduction in the unemployment level at the expense of high infla tion.If the monetary policy is delegated to an independent and conservative central bank that is more accountable, transparent and free from political pressures it can focus on the long-run goals of an economy which is price stability and set policies accordingly and not change its decisions from time to time for a short-run incentive like reduction in the unemployment level. And thus the credibility issue would not be questioned. The private sector learns about the central bank’s intentions through central bank independence.

Illinois State Unit Study - Geography, State Symbols Facts

Illinois State Unit Study - Geography, State Symbols Facts These state unit studies are designed to help children learn the geography of the United States and learn factual information about every state. These studies are great for children in the public and private education system as well as homeschooled children. Learn All About Illinois with These Resources Print the United States Map and color each state as you study it. Keep map at the front of your notebook for use with each state. Print the State Information Sheet and fill in the information as you find it. Print the Illinois State Outline Map and fill in the state capital, large cities and state attractions that you find. Answer the Following Questions About Illinois State Capital What is the capital?Capitol TourState Flag Why was Illinois added to the flag?State Flower What is the state flower?State Prairie Grass What is the state prairie grass?State Animal When was the state animal made official?State Bird Who selected the state bird?State Fish How big does this fish get?State Fossil What is the Tully Monster?State Mineral What is this mineral used for?State Tree What was the state tree changed to?State Insect Who suggested this state insect?State Song Who wrote the state song?State Dance What is the official dance?State Seal What was changed on the new seal? Printable Illinois Worksheets Illinois Printable Pages - Learn more about Illinois with these printable worksheets and coloring pages. Did You Know... List two interesting facts. Word Search - Print out the word search and find the state related words. Illinois State Symbols Game - Test your knowledge of the symbols. Do You Know? - Fun facts about Illinois. Route 66 Printables Historic Route 66 - The official website of the Illinois Route 66 Scenic Byway.Chicago, Illinois is where the Mother Road begins. Government - Learn about the three branches of government; executive, legislative and judicial. Envirofun - Learn about the environment and have some fun with: Middle Riddle: A picture riddle with an environmental message.How to Put Worms to Work for You: How to build a compost binMake a Water Cycle WheelLitter Hunt At Home in the Heartland Online - Family life in Illinois from 1700 to the present. Meet real people and share in their decision making. Shedd Aquarium - Explore the animals at the Shedd Aquarium. Dont miss the interactive story of Kayavak. Chicago Fire - Learn about this amazing fire that destroyed thousands of buildings and read about one young girls narrow escape. Willis  Tower - Learn about the second tallest building in North America. Print and color the pictures in the coloring book. Robert Pershing Wadlow - Meet the gentle giant. Odd Illinois Law: Catching fish with dynamite was forbidden.

International Arbitration and Islamic Law or Sharia Law Dissertation

International Arbitration and Islamic Law or Sharia Law - Dissertation Example There may be also generation of stipulations attached with the confidentiality of the proprietary information, evidence, backdrop, number of arbitrators, issues attached with arbitration and so on (Kohler & Stucki, 2004). Among the various definitions of arbitration one of the definitions can be mentioned in this case which is as follows: â€Å" two or more parties, faced with a dispute which they cannot resolve for themselves, agreeing that some private individual will resolve it for them and if the arbitration runs its full course†¦.it will not be settled by a compromise, but by a decision† (Born, 2009, p.217). History of arbitration Arbitration finds its roots in the Greek mythology as well as in the Bible (Moloff, 2008, p.186). In the maritime industries of the pre-colonial England as well as within the merchants of diverse trade background, the process of arbitration found its profound utilization. Prior to the industrial revolution, the process of arbitrage was high ly predominant among the American colonies and the process was regarded as an inexpensive and highly private although a voluntary mode highly depending with the ties of the communities as well as pressures for the effectiveness of the policies. The first permanent board of arbitration was established in 1768, by the New York Chamber of Commerce followed by the implementation of the primal comprehensive clause of arbitration although the availability was limited to a restricted number of disputants (Wolfe, 2006, p.432). The scenario widened its horizon with the herald of twentieth century with the necessity of making the process of arbitration an alternative method of dispute resolution. The process strengthened with the creation of organized labor movement. In 1925, the United States Congress enacted the New York Federal Arbitration (FAA) with the notion that the agreements to submit disputes to arbitration should be as enforceable as of any other contracts (Brunet, 2006, p.36). Wit h gradual crawling of time, after 1950s, lawmakers stressed that the process of arbitration can be implemented as a device of resolving international disputes. In 1998, Congress enacted the Alternative dispute Act (ADA) which led to the mandatory equipment of every federal district court for authorizing by local rules, the utilization of the alternative dispute resolution process in all civil actions and also led to the designation of a judge or other employee to be knowledgeable in ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) practices. In today’s world of complex legal milieu majority of the lawyers and litigators find it compulsory for the application of ADR processes with arbitration in particular (Bennett, 2009, pp. 9-12). Basic foundation for arbitration The basic foundation on which arbitration rests is that of the consensual nature embedded in it. No arbitration procedure will take place with the without the express consent of each party. The prerequisite of a consensual arbi tration agreement can be inspected as an assemblage of procedures which directs to the avoidance of the default jurisdiction of the domestic courts and hence it must be clearly demarcated. In most of the cases, the agreement of arbitration will require

Was the US Supreme Court Health Care Decision Written by Chief Justice Essay

Was the US Supreme Court Health Care Decision Written by Chief Justice Roberts an Example of Judicial Activism - Essay Example Judicial activism was not apparent in the recent Supreme Court decision even if the decision imposed certain changes in the law being passed. These are incidental results in the exercise of its functions, with the end goal of ensuring the compliance of the laws with the constitution. Table of Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Body†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Overview of Supreme Court functions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Judicial review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Judicial activism†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Judicial activism v. Judicial review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ... With this decision, the legislative requirement for Americans to have health insurance by 2012 was upheld. This decision also supported the mandate to buy health insurance - an individual mandate - as a constitutional application of the legislative taxing power. Majority of the justices ruled that the individual mandate was not an effective application of the Congressional Commerce Clause or its Necessary and Proper Clause authority. Majority of the Supreme Court justices also assented to the fact that the expansion of the Medicaid was not a valid application of legislative spending power as it illegally mandates states to accede to the expansion or else lose their Medicaid financial privileges. This decision has been filled with various complications for the ACA and the HCERA, with significant changes in the original mandates passed by Congress. This prompted President Obama, as well as other analysts and interest groups to be cautioned against judicial policy-making or judicial act ivism. They further argue that the actions of the Supreme Court in these suspected cases of judicial activism are tantamount to a violation of the separation of powers. On the other hand, others are quick to argue that the judiciary is appropriately exercising its powers of adjudication, in the valid application of principle of checks and balances. Based on these opposing views, this paper shall discuss whether or not judges should be policy-makers and whether or not the Supreme Court health care decision written by Chief Justice Roberts is an example of judicial activism. This paper will be based on the decision itself, including related news media and think

Desegregation and the Future Essay Example for Free

Desegregation and the Future Essay The civil rights movement was one of the most pivotal periods in United States history, and Martin Luther King was one of the most influential. In Martin Luther Kings speech, Segregation and the Future, to convey the theme of freedom he uses rhetorical devices such as repetition and metaphors. In his speech, the use of repetition was used to better convey his points and to let the audience know what he wants with clarity. An example of this repetition is when he repeats the word, leaders. His use of repetition for the word leaders was to remind the National Committee of Rural Schools that they are supposed to lead with a purpose and that purpose according to Martin Luther King was to better educate both white and black students with equal treatment. He wants the leaders of the committee to lead others in a better way of thinking, and to stray from current ideas that infringe on the rights of African Americans. Another example of repetition in his speech is his use of the words, not the way. He wants the audience to know he views would impede upon their cause. He lists violence, hate and bitterness as things that are, not the way to help with their cause. The second prominent rhetorical device that Martin Luther King used were metaphors. One example of a metaphor that coveys the theme of freedom is when compares a, festering sore to segregation. Martin Luther Kings comparison shows his contempt for segregation and how freedom is always the better choice. Comparisons to negative objects or situations, put things like segregation into a more personal and more understandable meaning, making this metaphor powerful. A second example of Kings use of metaphor is his comparison of the Supreme Court decision of Brown v. Board to a joyous daybreak that ended the long night of human captivity. Martin Luther King uses this comparison to show how momentous this Supreme Court decision was. The Supreme Court ruled that segregation in schools was unconstitional, became a huge step toward equality and Martin Luthers comparison shows this. Martin Luther Kings use of repetition and metaphors makes his speeches more inspiring and more emotional to others. Without his use of rhetorical  devices, his speeches would fall on deaf ears and wouldnt have caused a movement toward equality. His use of repetition and metaphors in this speech better display his themes of freedom and have inspired America for years to come.

Importance of Fear in The Lord of the Flies Essay -- Lord of the Flies

Importance of Fear in The Lord of the Flies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The boys in the book, The Lord of the Flies, are controlled by their fear of the beast.   This fear is not of the beast itself, but of the unknown. It comes from not knowing whether or not a beast exists.    The children start as one united group.   They are a community in their own.   Slowly, rules started to get broken, individuals began to leave, and the group broke apart.   The one thing that causes this break-up is the beast. The beast means different things to everyone, but each boy is afraid of it.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All of this fear starts at one of the very first assemblies when a littlun says that he saw a beastie in the forest.   "Now he says it was a beastie" (35).   Everyone is already a little afraid of being on the island alone, without any adults, but this makes them even more scared.   Ralph, the chosen leader, feels this fear and notices it among the other boys.   He tries to reassure the others as well as himself with, "You couldn't have a beastie, a snake-thing, on an island this size.   You only get them in big countries, like Africa, or India" (36).   He continues trying to ease the fear by ending the conversation of beasties with, "...I tell you there is no beast" (36).   In addition, Ralph tries to have an optimistic look on rescue, and talks of fun on the island to help the children stay calm.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jack and Ralph continue discussing the issue of fear, without the littluns present, to avoid frightening them further.   Mostly they discuss how the littluns scream out in their dreams because they are so afraid.   Simon joins in on one of their conversations on page 52:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "'As if it wasn't a good island.'   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ast... ...      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By the end of the novel, it is not the beast that has driven the boys to savagery; it is their fear of the beast.   Most of the boys try to deal with their fear by pushing it away, but it is always in the back of their minds, controlling every move they make.   They do not know whether or not there is a beast on the island.   They are afraid of the unknown.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Works Cited. Baker, James R. "Why It's No Go." Critical Essays on William Golding. Ed. James R. Baker. Boston: G.K. Hall & Co., 1988. Golding, William. Lord of the Flies. London: Faber and Faber, 1958. Hynes, Samuel. "William Golding's Lord of the Flies." Critical Essays on William Golding. Ed. James R. Baker. Boston: G.K. Hall & Co., 1988. Moody, Philippa. Golding: Lord of the Flies, a critical commentary. London: Macmillan, 1964.         

Happiness in marriage Essay

â€Å"Happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance.† With reference to marriages in Pride and Prejudice, to what extent is this statement true? Marriage is the key issue in Pride and Prejudice, and Austen uses class structure, manners and proper behaviour in society to embellish the topic. It is the overall picture given by these subjects that tell us about the happiness a woman could expect from entering the state of marriage, whether marrying for love and felicity, or, as seems the wise choice in the case of many of the characters, for money and financial security. Pride and Prejudice explores the situations that many young ladies found themselves put in, and whether or not it was possible to achieve fulfilment and happiness if you were to marry for the latter. In the Bennet household, particularly, marriage is a very poignant subject. For Mrs Bennet, she feels it is essential for her girls (and for herself) that they should marry well, as otherwise they stand to lose everything without a son to take over the estate. Her feelings are made clear at the beginning, once she has heard that a wealthy Mr Bingley has recently moved to the neighbourhood. Without any knowledge or regard for his character, she immediately jumps to the conclusion that it is ‘a fine thing for our girls’. This statement is made purely on the awareness of his handsome fortune, and of the happiness and fortune that it could bring her. She uses the word ‘girls’, and this shows that she doesn’t care for individual happiness, but she does want one of them married to him, never mind which. Her own marriage is described as lacking in ‘respect, esteem and confidence’, and through Elizabeth’s eyes it is improper and ‘unsuitable’. Although their marriage was based chiefly on an attraction on Mr Bennet’s part, Jane Austen states that it had been an ‘imprudent’ move, and that he ‘had married a woman whose weak understanding and illiberal mind had very early in their marriage put an end to all real affection.’ The only happiness he seems to have from the marriage is his constant mocking of his wife for his own amusement, and marvelling at her ignorance. The marriage which exists is based on a fancy rather than the three qualities that Jane Austen, through Elizabeth, attributes to true marital happiness for both partners: respect, esteem and confidence, which is exactly what Mr and Mrs Bennet don’t have for each other. Mrs Bennet, for her own daughter’s marriages, sees the purpose as a way of supporting themselves, and gaining some kind of financial security, and the bigger the fortune, the better the match. When Elizabeth turns down the heir to Longbourn, Mr Collins, she says to her daughter â€Å"If you go on refusing every offer of marriage, you will never get a husband, and I am sure I do not know who is to maintain you when your father is dead.† This view is one shared by Charlotte, although she does not air her opinions so openly. Charlotte Lucas is a realist. Her role in the book is to represent the thoughts and intentions of many ladies in eighteenth century society. What numerous young women were doing, whether they were influenced by their mothers or not, was to make a cautious and prudent marriage. As a girl of twenty-seven, plain, and in danger of dying an old maid, she has taken on the view that ‘happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance’ is a reference to the fact that women did pre-dominantly marry for money, not indeed love. She even goes as far as to advise Elizabeth on a match with Mr Darcy, although Elizabeth’s feelings are prejudiced towards him. She tells Elizabeth ‘not to be a simpleton, and allow her fancy for Wickham make her appear unpleasant in the eyes of [Darcy] a man ten times his consequence.’ This shows her prudence, that although Elizabeth has admitted she has feelings for Wickham, she should keep herself open to anyone who pays her a compliment, and is wealthier. It is this theory that influences her own marriage with Mr Collins, for although there is no real affection on her side, he can offer her protection and a comfortable life. The practical nature of her marriage causes her to justify herself to her best friend, and she openly admits to her ‘I am not a romantic, I never was’. Immediately, this tells us that this marriage is not the result of a passionate affair, it is the conclusion that her ‘chance of happiness with him is as fair as most people can boast on entering the marriage state.’ This statement is quite shocking, because it means the wedding takes place with no real affection on either side: it is done merely for self-gain. This view is also made clear when she comments on Jane and Bingley’s relationship: ‘When [Jane] is secure of him (i.e. a wedding or engagement has taken place), there will be leisure for falling in love as much as she chuses.’ Although Mr Collins seems to be happy, when he tells Elizabeth that ‘We (he and Charlotte) seem to have been designed for each other,’ we have to go back to the fact that Charlotte was his third choice. He had favoured Jane, before Mrs Bennet enlightened him with the information that she believed that she would soon be engaged to Bingley, and it was only afterwards, when Elizabeth had turned his offer of marriage down, that he showed any regard for Charlotte. He proposed twice in three days, and so it is clear that no real feelings of admiration on either part could have developed strongly. This marriage is established on the ground that Mr Collins wants to set an example to his parishioners, and, more importantly in his eyes, to please his wealthy patroness, Lady Catherine. Mr. Collins also remarks on Elizabeth’s situation, as his wife had done previously when he says that her ‘portion is unhappily so small that it will in all likelihood undo the effects of [her] loveliness and amiable qualifications.’ The Lucases are by no means wealthy, but Mr Collins is not looking for wealth, he is looking to add to his happiness by obtaining a companion. He came with the intention of returning home with a Bennet bride, but failing that he has an intelligent, practical woman, who has gone into a marriage with no pre-wedding romance, but to be content with her quite prosperous situation. As Elizabeth observes, Charlotte was ‘disgracing herself and sunk in her esteem, was added the distressing conviction that it was impossible for that friend to be tolerably happy in the lot she had chosen.’ In direct contrast to Charlotte’s carefully thought about match, Lydia rushes into a passionate and imprudent marriage. Society almost expected women to marry above their own wealth and station, to make a sensible union, but it was a disgrace to have an affair – it was essential that a woman should keep her virtue. Lydia, however, did the latter but not the first. Inside these parameters, Lydia is a slur on her already tarnished family name. Herr quite insincere love caused her to follow her heart, and go against the foresight that was instilled in so many young women, essentially from birth. Her love can be described more as a ‘fancy’, because it holds none of the virtues so important to Elizabeth, and therefore Jane Austen’s eyes: respect, esteem and gratitude. However, the match between herself and Wickham gives them both happiness, and, although her family does not share their feelings, her decision, however misguided, does give her happiness. Prior to the marriage, she writes ‘for there is but one man in the world I love, and he is an angel’. This view is in opposition to Charlotte’s, that one must marry into good fortune, and then see what happiness may come of it, if any at all. Lydia’s perception of Wickham is unchanged when she writes again, once Elizabeth and Darcy are married. She says that ‘If you love Mr Darcy half so well as I do my dear Wickham, you must be very happy.’ Although on initially embarking on her elopement, the marriage looked as though it was a flirtatious whim, especially on the part of Wickham, by the end, there is no real relationship development, except that they still love each other. From the circumstances surrounding both of their families, it is safe to say that Wickham is not marrying for wealth, it is for his apparent love for Lydia. Previously, he had been engaged to Mary King, a wealthy heiress of ten thousand pounds, and Elizabeth had said of the match ‘a wise and desirable measure for both; handsome young men must have something to live on, as well as the plain.’ As Colonel Fitzwilliam said of men ‘Our habits of expense make us too dependent, and there are not many in my rank of life who can afford to marry without some attention to money’. However, these same motives are not seen in his match with Lydia, although it is true to say that unless Darcy had intervened, they may not have married. Elizabeth also observes that his affections for Lydia were ‘not equal to Lydia’s for him†¦.that their elopement had been brought on by the strength of her love’. She also wonders why ‘he chose to elope with her at all’, before coming to the conclusion that some financial gain must have been the reason, ‘and if that were the case, he was not the young man to resist an opportunity of having a companion’. However, these reasons have not impaired Lydia’s enjoyment of married life, nor Wickham’s, as she is constantly praising him – he is always her ‘dear’, and he did ‘everything the best in the world’. Whether these observations are made due to Lydia’s ignorance, or her blindness in her fancy, she does not seem to have tired of him, as Mr Bennet had of Mrs Bennet soon after their wedding. Someone who has married for both money and affection is Jane. There is a mutual attraction between her and Mr Bingley, and this leads onto, we presume, matrimonial bliss. Their relationship is fixed firmly on a rational basis, and they both share an optimistic view of the world. Elizabeth, early on in the book, comments on the likelihood that Jane’s marriage would be for money, not love, but by the end, Jane and Bingley’s equally happy manners and charming countenances mean that there is equality in their affections – unlike Wickham and Lydia, where there is more fondness on her side. Their shared admiration for one another gives the foundation for equilibrium, that there will be a good balance of respect, esteem and confidence on both sides. Mr Bingley says that ‘he could not conceive an angel more attractive,’ while Jane says of Bingley, albeit in private, that ‘she never saw such happy manners’. With these observations, this is a match will lead to domestic felicity – that luck and chance will have no role in the marriage; it has been carefully thought out, and although it is practical, it is also a match which will bring happiness on both sides. Elizabeth describes him as ‘violently in love’, and goes on to say, at the request of her aunt, that he was ‘wholly engrossed in her’ and his inattention to anyone else, meant that this was ‘the very essence of love.’ Mr Bennet, immediately after the engagement had been announced tells his daughter that ‘you will be a very happy woman†¦I have no doubt of your doing very well together.’ These views are ones shared by all, because it is obvious from their first physical attraction, and also their same manner, that they were well suited, and that their pleasure is secured by such high regard. However, when Elizabeth announces her engagement, her father is not as convinced that she will be as happy as Jane is. Her knowledge of Darcy’s gallantry has grown, whereas her father’s has been stifled, and so he doubts her true happiness when he says: ‘I know your true disposition, Lizzy. I know that you could be neither happy nor respectable unless you truly esteemed your husband.’ However, his understanding of her true feelings could not be further from the truth. Throughout the entire book, it seems Darcy and Elizabeth’s relationship is the only one that has grown in understanding and estimation of one another. Respect on both sides has grown, because as they have gained more knowledge, they have also gained more esteem. This is the one relationship where there is a true shift from almost hate to true love. The re-assessment of characters allows us to see the real feelings behind the relationship, and even with Jane and Bingley’s, although they respect one another, their connection is based centrally around admiration, whereas Darcy and Elizabeth have had to conquer their own pride and prejudice to have a full understanding of each other. Throughout the novel, Austen dropped hints about Darcy’s interest into Elizabeth’s intriguing character, but Elizabeth showed no interest in Darcy, except to air her feelings of intolerance at his proud nature. Mrs Gardiner, whose marriage is a very good example of what a successful relationship should aim to achieve, is very motherly towards Elizabeth and gives her competent advice, rather than nonsensical schemes for marriage. She advises her on her fancy for Mr Wickham: ‘affection for Wickham would be so very imprudent because of his want of fortune’. The relationships in the book are mainly seen through the eyes of Elizabeth, and it is she who determines whether they are happy or not. She was full of scorn for Charlotte’s match with her father’s cousin, and when she advised Elizabeth that Jane should ‘secure’ him and than fall in love, she made a witty and ironic comment, which tells us that she would only marry for a love that had been determined before a ceremony: ‘Where nothing is in question but the desire of being well married; and if I were determined to get a rich husband, or any husband, I dare say I should adopt it.’ In short, Lizzy represents Austen’s own view on marriage, that one should truly know, admire and respect a person before entering the state. Her mother complained to Mrs Gardiner, that had it not been for Lizzy’s ‘perverseness’ she could have married Mr Collins. With views such as this, it is little wonder that the intelligent Elizabeth has such guarded opinion of marriage: she had always been aware of the ‘impropriety’ of her own parent’s union, that this could put her off entering into marriage with someone she did not hold esteem for. It is this reasoning that allows her to fall in love with Darcy, and visa versa. Her unconventional views on what should be established prior to an engagement contrast with many of the motives for the marriages in the book. Lydia and Wickham, as well as Mr Bennet had all been headlong in their reasons, and these marriages, although they could bring happiness for at least some amount of time would not have been as morally successful as Elizabeth and Darcy, whose marriage is based on mutual esteem. Whereas Charlotte had thought about the espousal, and then agreed, much to the disdain of her friend, her happiness is impaired, because the marriage is not based on love, as Elizabeth’s is, it is principled on common gain, as were many matches in the society. Not only do Darcy and Elizabeth respect and gratify each other, they also share common interests, such as reading, as well as having the same elegant tastes. These qualities ensure happiness, unlike Mr and Mrs Bennet, where stimulation of the mind is essential to one, and stimulation of the tongue necessary for the other. Pride and Prejudice is a very good example of what different types of marriages can achieve: a good home and security, passion and fun or intelligent companionship. Marriage opens up different ways to different types of happiness, but true happiness can only be achieved on the grounds of honour and deference. Lydia, and to some extent Wickham, are happy, despite the different morals in their marriage, when compared to Charlotte and Mr Collins marriage. Darcy and Elizabeth are happy because they knew, appreciated and respected each other before entering matrimony, whereas Wickham and Lydia entered marriage with little but their fancy for each other to base their lives together on. In my opinion, Darcy and Elizabeth’s match is better, because their happiness is determined before marriage, not decided afterwards. ‘Happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance’ is true to some marriages, but in a carefully calculated marriage, based on respect, esteem and confidence, the question of chance is indifferent.   

Human behavior Essay

Behavior of individuals in various settings is at times very difficult due to ethical constraints. This includes the investigation of why people take risks or gamble with their decision making processes. However, it is quite interesting to note that on situations which are not so threatening for individuals, it is apparent that people typically take risks in picking their options or when making their final choice. The following shows available data on human motivation and the theories surrounding the topic. Risk taking is defined as â€Å"engaging in any activity with an uncertain outcome,† as one scholar puts it. Theories of Motivation on Risk Taking Different theories describe and explain risk taking and why human beings are motivated to pursue or engage in activities or behavior that put their lives in much danger or create an element of risk of whatever form. The following are taken from current literature in the field of human behavior analysis. 1. Psychoanalytic or Psychodynamic Theory. Following the tradition of Freud, human motivation to take risks is taken from the basic understanding that when people feel fear in a certain situation or occasion, it is not good to overcome that fear. Freudian theory condemns outrightly risk taking as plain insanity. It reasons that to risk man’s very life has no warrant at all. It is nonsense. In other important spheres of life, however, to risk is inevitable and deemed necessary. There are many successful people in the business world who are known as risk takers (Llewellyn, 2003). They succeed, in fact, because of this unique attitude in them which is considered foolhardy in other realms. While it is true that life is the most precious commodity a man could ever possess, and to risk it is foolishness, it is equally true that not to risk at all in other areas means cowardice and immobility. Psychoanalysts even treat risk-taking behavior as a symptom of â€Å"a diseased mind. † Because for them, life is not to be gambled, therefore, it is insanity when someone chooses bungee-jumping as his/her sport (Llewellyn, 2003). 2. The Evolutionary Theory. Evolutionary theory explained man’s adventurous nature as simply an expression of his primal instincts (Llewellyn, 2003). Assuming that Darwin’s theory is correct, that man evolved from apes like common animal, a human early in the evolutionary process had to fight for his life to survive. This survival nature, according to this theory, is retained in modern man’s genetic make up (Llewellyn, 2003). This is the reason why even those people in the elite echelon of society choose to use their favorite sport like riding a dirigible as their campaign tool to promote their business. The problem with this theory is that it has remained to be unproven and lacking in evidences as yet. Humans are not proven to have descended from apes. 3. Contemporary Theories a. Extroversion and Introversion Personality theories contend that this two broad scope of personality traits capture the individual’s propensity towards behaving in certain ways. Extroversion helps explain why some people tend to be outgoing and hence, the greater the probability to engage in risky decisions (Llewellyn, 2003). b. Emotional Stability and Neuroticism This is another of the Contemporary theories that shed light on traits that remain stable over a period of time, clearly indicating which may best describe an individual and what differs him/her from another. Emotionally stable people, as those who posit on this model, may take risks but have taken many things to great lengths in order to get the best possible option or alternative (Llewellyn, 2003). Conversely, people who are more on the neuroticism side manifest the greater tendency to take risks without much weighing on the consequences. The tendency to be impulsive is to a higher degree present in individuals under this category. 4. Eysenck and Costa and McCrae’s model These two theorists added their own version to the array of personality theories. The former has the Psychoticism versus Humaneness dimension while the latter two theorists added three dimensions: Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, and Agreeableness. The main argument against these classifications is its narrowness in explaining and categorizing the complexities that make human behavior (Llewellyn, 2003). While they help explore different behaviors or attitudes, there are more that remained unexplained. Until now, certain serial killers or murderers, defy the above mentioned explanations of human behavior. 5. The Zuckerman ‘Sensation Seeking Trait’ Although an expansion on one of the features of Psychoticism and Humaneness model, Sensation Seeking helps also explain the differences between individuals. There are people who do have a higher degree of this trait; like more men seek sensation-enhancing-experiences or â€Å"venturesome† traits, while others have very minimal of this trait. This is what Zuckerman refers to in his Sensation seeking trait theory. What other experts consider as this theory’s limitation is embedded in the matter of other personality traits’ influence on risk taking behavior other than this trait by itself. Studies reveal that the psychological profiles of risk takers are diverse and the universality of this trait is still further being investigated (Llewellyn, 2003). Risk taking is a fascinating area of interest for many students of human behavior. When explored through the eyes of a Psychoanalyst, the subject becomes even more intriguing because Freudian understanding possesses an attractive alternative to the more cognitive way of assessing risk taking behavior. When the subject of evolutionary psychology of explaining risk taking behavior is concerned, it contains a ring of truth in it that many today are convinced of its manner of explaining behavior. Instinct is still a potent facet in behavior that cannot be eradicated from the study of behavior of humans (Llewellyn, 2003). When people are confronted with the distinctiveness of the human personality, the dimensions are almost unlimited; some experts opt for the multi-dimensional method while others choose the narrow and concise way. All of these approaches have their strengths and weaknesses; degree of breadth and limitations. However, they are good and profitable for jumpstarting further explorations into the human psyche and its accompanying expressions. Reference: 1. Llewellyn, David J. 2003. The Psychology of Risk Taking. Accessed in www. risktaking. co. uk.

Evolution in the English Language

Evolution in the English Language English is now indisputably an international language. It even has a new acronym: ELF, or English as a Lingua Franca. However, unlike French or Latin, the original LFs only of the European world, English is literally everywhere, and is the default language for many industries and fields of study and employment.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Evolution in the English Language specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Whether you are travelling, living abroad in an Anglophone country, or studying English in school, you will find that there is not just one variant of English. If you are not careful, you can run afoul of regional differences in word usage that can embarrass or inconvenience you, and may detract from the clarity of your writing. Because of the mix of ethnicities that makes up the USA, American English has evolved along different lines. Thus, a British speaker and an American speaker can find themselves talking at cross purposes unless they understand the idiomatic differences between the two regional forms of the language. The following are some examples from personal experience: Consider the classic error made by a British hotel guest when suggesting to an attractive young person that they sightsee together the following day. â€Å"Shall I come round and knock you up in the morning?† asks the Brit, and the American wonders why this ill-mannered lout wishes to get her with child. The phrase â€Å"to knock up† is US slang for getting someone pregnant. He could have said, â€Å"Shall I knock on your door in the morning?† and this international incident would have been averted entirely. And by the way, the phrase â€Å"young person† is another Briticism, albeit one that may be a bit vintage. Americans would speak of a â€Å"young lady† if they have any manners. Another classic mistake can occur in a â€Å"pub† (known to Yanks as a â€Å"bar†), when someone offers â€Å"cider†. In the USA, almost without exception, â€Å"cider† is unfiltered apple juice. It is served as an eco-friendly and often locally sourced alternative to less healthy â€Å"soft† (non-alcoholic) beverages such as Coke, Pepsi, Dr. Pepper or other overpriced mixtures of sugar water, caramel coloring, and marketing. In Britain, on the other hand, the term â€Å"cider† refers to a fairly potent (and tasty) fermented version of apple juice that can set the unwary imbiber reeling. Cider was once fermented enthusiastically everywhere in the colonies, as was Perry, or pear cider, but Prohibition nearly wiped that industry out. It making a comeback as an alcoholic drink, along with locally made sausage, and boutique beers, but it will be reliably referred to as â€Å"hard cider†.Advertising Looking for article on languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As l ong as we are on the topic of embarrassing mistakes, consider the word â€Å"rubber†. In the USA, this refers to the substance derived from latex, but also to male contraceptives, or condoms, which protect the male reproductive organ, or â€Å"pecker† (USA). In the UK, the word â€Å"rubber† refers to an eraser, and the â€Å"pecker† is the chin, meaning that â€Å"keeping one’s pecker up† is a phrase to use with care. Another pitfall phrase is â€Å"on the job†. In the USA, this means literally while working – as in â€Å"managerial training on the job†. In British English, on the other hand, this can refer to that most intimate of consensual interpersonal activities, so avoid this phrase unless you are sure of your audience! â€Å"Fannies† in the USA are what a lady sits upon, but in Britain, the word refers to her most female of parts. This is another word to avoid! Now that we are all thoroughly embarrassed, c onsider the word that, in Britain, is used to refer to cigarettes, or at least used to be; â€Å"f*g†. In the USA, this pejorative and offensive term for a homosexual should really be avoided entirely. Another explosive word, ni**er, seems to be used in the UK to apply to all people with dark skin. In the USA, this is called the n-word, and refers usually to those whose African ancestors were enslaved. These words have such hurtful connotations that the best strategy is to just find different ways to describe others. Moving on to happier topics, and remembering the popular modern adage, â€Å"Life is short; eat dessert first†, take note that the traveler who asks for â€Å"pudding† in the UK will be served a sweet ending to a meal of almost any type. In the USA, however, â€Å"pudding† means a very specific sweet; a soft composition of milk and eggs (or the modern food chemist’s equivalent thereof), cooked to a consistency that sticks to the spoon. A baked mixture of milk, eggs, and sugar, with bread cubes, cooked rice, pasta, or tapioca, generates a nearly endless ethnic and regional variety of â€Å"puddings† (bread pudding, noodle kugel, etc.). They can all be yummy in the hands of a deft cook. Likewise, â€Å"biscuits† in the UK are a â€Å"cookie† in the USA. American â€Å"biscuits† are actually a quick bread, not made with yeast, but with baking powder and a great deal of shortening (butter, lard, or vegetable fat). They are not sweet, but serve as a magnificent transport mechanism for gravy, drippings, butter, honey, maple syrup, sorghum syrup, or fruit preserves. A specialized American use of biscuits is strawberry shortcake, which originally meant a biscuit (salty) topped with fresh berries (sweet and tart) and whipped cream (richly unctuous and perhaps sweet).Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Evolution in the English Language specifically for you for only $16 .05 $11/page Learn More This is all fun, but there are additionally serious differences that anyone trying to live, work, or study internationally needs to remember. These divergences in practice are extensive and keeping a reference list at hand or bookmarked on the computer is a good idea. Here is a sampling: In American English, teams and corporations usually take singular forms of verbs (e.g., Apple Corporation has brought out a new model), whereas in the UK, they often take plural forms (e.g., Manchester United are the winners. This is an instant signal indicating where one’s English was learned. British English uses shall more often than will. In British English, the preposition from is used to indicate start times (e.g., Classes start from Monday), whereas in American English, the word â€Å"starting† or the preposition â€Å"on† is used instead (e.g., Classes start on Monday†, or â€Å"It will run six weeks, starting Monday† ). Americans enroll in courses, go to addresses on streets, and enroll in courses, while Brits use the other preposition. As English is used more and more widely and by peoples all over the world, there will be inevitable evolution in the language. What will â€Å"correct English† mean in 10, or 50 years? This subject is much too large for this article, but is the subject of serious academic consideration. In the meantime, try to use local variants but don’t let worry keep you from trying out your English in every possible situation.

ABA - Applied Behavior Analysis

ABA - Applied Behavior Analysis ABA or Applied Behavior Analysis is a time tested and data-based strategy for teaching children with disabilities. It is most often used with children with autistic spectrum disorders but is an effective tool for children with behavioral disorders, multiple disabilities, and severe intellectual handicaps. It is the only treatment for Autistic Spectrum disorders approved by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration.) ABA is based on the work of B.F. Skinner, also known as the father of Behaviorism.   Behaviorism is a scientific means of understanding behavior.   Known as the three-term contingency, behavior is stimulus, response, and reinforcement.   It is also understood as Antecedent, Behavior, and Consequence, or ABC.   The ABCs of ABA The antecedent is what happens before the behavior, and may or may not have a causal relationship.  The behavior is what the subject does:   we try to operationalize the behavior, or find a way to objectively describe the behavior.   We would not say Jimmy was disrespectful, we would say Jimmy shouted at the teacher and called her an inappropriate racially charged term.  Finally, the consequence, or what happens after the behavior.   It is usually here that we look for the reinforcement: in other words, what Jimmy gets out of calling the teacher that bad name.   Is it attention from his peers?   Is it being sent to the office so he misses the spelling test?   Another scientist who significantly credited with developing ABA was Ivar Lovaas, a psychologist at the University of California Los Angeles.   His seminal work in applying behaviorism to children significantly disabled with autism led to what we now call ABA.   For many people, behaviorism seems overly mechanistic.   Human beings are value and meaning assigning creatures, and we would like to believe that there is some powerful underlying mystic about behaviorhence Freudianism.   Although it may seem simplistic, behaviorism may be the best way to strip away all our cultural prejudices and see behaviors as they are.   This is especially helpful with children with autism, who have difficulty with communication, appropriate social interaction, and language.   Moving to the three-term contingency helps us evaluate what we really see when we see a behavior.   So Jimmy tantrums?   What is the antecedent?   Does it cause it?   What does the behavior look like?   And finally, what happens when Jimmy tantrums?   ABA has proven to be an effective means to support appropriate social, functional and even academic behavior.   A special form of ABA, known as VBA or Verbal Behavioral Analysis, applies the tenets of ABA to language; hence Verbal Behavior. The BACB, or Behavior Analyst Certification Board, is the international organization that certifies professionals who design and create the therapies that are used, especially what are called Discrete Trials.   Discrete trials involve the stimulus, response, reinforcement three-term contingency mentioned above. The BACB also maintains a roster of local BCBAs who can provide services to children with autism. Also Known As: VBA, Lovaas

Business Marketing Communication Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Marketing Communication - Article Example Instead, both academics and practitioners are embracing models which acknowledge the autonomy and unpredictability of customers. Initially building communication was not identified and recognized as a task of strategic importance in an organisation, but now with cut throat competition and a deluge of marketing tools, building relations and spreading information has increasingly become more important. One reason for seeing marketing communications as tactical rather than strategic is that much of its development and execution has been outsourced to marketing services agencies offering a range of specialisms (such as design, creative consultancy or sales promotion). This casts some doubt on its position as a core competence. Furthermore, much advertising and promotion thinking risks being short to medium term because the people and organisations involved are constantly changing. Butterfield suggests that, because of the increased importance of company-wide brand values in providing competitive advantage, marketing is becoming a way of delivering a communications strategy, rather than the other way round. The traditional hierarchy of strategy has been challenged by the increasing importance of brands as