Importance Of Revenue Management For Operations And Room...

Introduction This report focuses on the relevance of revenue management to operations and room division operations management. The relevant legislations and regulations required in room division operations management will be analysed. Further the roles and responsibilities of some accommodation and reception staff will be reviewed. The report will also concentrate on the services offered by rooms division in relation to accommodation and front office departments. Since the report concentrates on the services offered by both accommodation services and front office departments there is the need to give a brief explanation of what accommodation and front office mean. Accommodation Accommodation is a place that offers sleeping facilities for travellers. It is also a place where work related or leisure activities can be done by people. Accommodation can be found in hotels, hospitals, resorts, hostels and so on. The accommodation service is an important aspect of the hospitality industry in view of the fact the provision of accommodation, food and beverage is important for those people spending time away from home. Front-Office The front office also known as the reception is where visitors arrive and encounter a staff at a place of business. Front office staff are those in contact with customers. In the hospitality industry, this department directly generates revenue for their organisation. There are front office in several organisations like banks, hotels, hostels,Show MoreRelatedRooms division assignment1917 Words   |  8 Pages Course Details Course Name BTEC Higher National Diploma (HND) in Hospitality Management Unit number 6 Unit Name Rooms Division Operations Management (Unit 6) Credit Value 15 Lecturers K.Fallah Hand Out/Issue Date September/2013 Submission Deadline Introduction The aim of these assignments are to assess the outcome of students’ learning in terms of knowledge acquired, understanding developed and skills or abilities gained in relation to achieve the learning outcomes (LO) and assessment criteriaRead MoreRoom Division4195 Words   |  17 Pagesthe Rooms Division operations of the new property, identify and discuss the different type of accommodation and front office services need to be offered and analyse the roles and responsibilities of the accommodation and reception service staff. 1.2 Evaluate the type of services provided by the room’s division department in a range of accommodation facilities such as hotels, holiday camps or university campuses and discuss the legal and statutory requirements that apply to rooms division operationsRead MoreCritical Aspects Of Managing Hospitality Properties1604 Words   |  7 Pagessupervisory functions of room division is firstly taken into account, followed by an evaluation on the deployment of security measures at hotels. Last but not least, the significance of technology to the run of hotel business is discussed in further details in the scope of this report. Discussion Reflection upon supervisory functions of rooms division To commence, the focus of this very first section is placed on the discussion concerning the supervision functions of room division, as well as the roleRead MoreRoom divisions Operations Management5493 Words   |  22 Pagesï » ¿ Rooms Division Operations Management Table of Contents Executive Summary This case study explores the importance of Room Division service in hospitality industry. The task 1 discusses the different services provided by the rooms division in different circumstances. The impact of different operational issues in managing the front of house area is evaluated in the second task. The third task discusses the different featuresRead MoreBeing A Student Of Hospitality Management1338 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Being a student of Hospitality Management, I have been asked to write an assignment about, accommodation and front-office services in different organisation within the hospitality industry. I will analyse the role and responsibilities of staff and how it is impact the effective management and operational issues effecting to the accommodation and front-office services. I have selected a †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Accommodation The term usually refers to a place that offers sleeping facilities for travellersRead MoreBeing A Student Of Hospitality Management1338 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Being a student of Hospitality Management, I have been asked to write an assignment about, accommodation and front-office services in different organisation within the hospitality industry. I will analyse the role and responsibilities of staff and how it is impact the effective management and operational issues effecting to the accommodation and front-office services. I have selected a †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Accommodation The term usually refers to a place that offers sleeping facilities for travellersRead MoreRoom Divisions2107 Words   |  9 PagesHC-3-730 Rooms Division Management Topic 1 Management Functions in Rooms Division Learning Objectives Explain the major role of rooms division in a hotel. Identify the roles and responsibilities of rooms division manager. Describe the management process in terms of the seven functions of rooms division managers perform to achieve organizational objectives. Reference text: Kasavana ML, Brooks RM, Managing Front Office Operations, 8th edition, American Hotel Lodging EducationalRead MoreHospitality Industry Leader1518 Words   |  7 Pagesincluding carrying out reception duties. 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Sri Lanka Tourism Free Essays

Tourists Return to Paradise Isle a Year After War’s End By Amantha Perera COLOMBO, May 17, 2010 (IPS) – A year since Sri Lanka’s bloody civil war ended on May 18 last year, tourists are returning in huge numbers to a popular beach destination located over 300 kilometres from where the last battles were fought. Nowhere is the relief at the end of fighting more tangible than on the beautiful beaches of Hikkaduwa, south of the capital Colombo. The war against the secessionist Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, fighting for a separate state for the minority Tamils, cost over 70,000 lives in over two and half decades and sent over 280,000 fleeing for their lives in its final phase. We will write a custom essay sample on Sri Lanka Tourism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hikkaduwa, famous for its coral reef, sandy beaches and swanky hotels, is on the rebound. Visitors who abandoned the sun and the beach when bombs started going off have begun to return. The best days may be still ahead of this famous tourist destination south of the capital Colombo. Already, it is bracing itself for huge arrivals during the next European winter season. Arrivals grew by an impressive 50 percent or an increase to 160,000 from 106,000 in the first quarter of 2010, compared to 2009, according to the Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority, the government agency that monitors tourist arrivals. This year, the island known for its scenic beauty expects over half a million tourist arrivals, making 2010 one of the best seasons in the last half a decade. â€Å"We saw very good arrival rates this season (between November 2009 and April 2010),† Siri Goonewardene, president of the Hikkaduwa Hoteliers’ Association, told IPS. With the war no more, travellers feel safer visiting here and there were no unexpected security-related incidents that would have driven them away. † The general manager of Coral Sands, a 75-room luxury hotel on the Hikkaduwa beach, expects better results later this year when the next winter season starts. â€Å"The bookings have been good. If the trend continues the next season will be definitely better than this one,† says Goonewardene. He adds that operators expect about a 50 percent growth in arrivals next season. The upbeat assessment is shared by operators who run smaller hotels and restaurants and others who depend on the tourist trade. This season was good. We had a high number of visitors,† says Dhammika Silva, who runs a small hotel at Mirissa, a cove-like beach south of Hikkaduwa. He depends on individual tourists who visit the Mirissa area as his business is too small to tie up with tour operators. â€Å"I needed more people on the beach having a good time to make ends meet. This time it happened. † The same is true of Nimal, who sells traditional woodcarvings from a small shop near the beach. â€Å"We had a very good season. I made some good sales,† adds Nimal, who simply identified himself by his first name. These hopes for a bumper tourist season are a far cry from the beach operators’ downcast mood less than 18 months back. With the war raging in the north, by the time the winter season began in November 2008, arrivals were sliding. With earnings going down, in 2008, tourism fell to number six in the country’s top foreign revenue earners from the fourth slot, accounting only for 2. 8 percent of the gross national product. The industry supports a large workforce, much of it informal. According to a labour survey conducted by the Sri Lanka Census and Statistics Department in 2007, over 100,000 were employed in the trade, 56 percent of whom were nformal employees. It was the informal employees that felt the pinch when arrivals kept going down without the security of at least a small wage packet. In early 2009, business operators like Nimal were complaining that they could not keep their shops open and at least pay the utilities. Some decided to close shop. The downturn in arrivals due to the war attracted low spenders to the island. Silva says that many tourists from Eastern Europe and Russia began arriving in Sri Lanka when the big spenders from Western Europe stayed away. I have nothing against them. But these were budget travellers who travel through the region. They don’t spend much,† he told IPS. Nimal concurs. â€Å"They are not the type who buy souvenirs, let alone expensive carvings, they will show up in the number of arrivals, but have no money. † Goonewardene from Coral Sands warned that the high numbers should not be an indication that the industry has fully recovered. â€Å"When the numbers are analysed, we will see that there will not be a 50 percent increase in earnings corresponding to the increase in arrivals. â€Å" He says the government should launch an aggressive public relations campaign to attract high-end spenders and give incentives like tax breaks to the industry. The new government that took office last month has brought tourism under the purview of the Economic Development Ministry, which has been tasked with accelerating development. It is an indication that tourism is to be a vital component in the new economic plans. â€Å"It is good that the government is showing signs of making tourism part of the bigger national plans. Whoever invests in tourism now will be making a lot of money come next season if we make the right decisions,† Silva How to cite Sri Lanka Tourism, Papers

Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats? Answer: Introduction The report emphasizes the need of attracting 200 new customers from New Zealand in the Planting Festival of 2018. It is to be organized by the Queensland Folk Federation (QFF) in the Jinbara country that is located in the south-eastern part of Queensland. The event is termed as Woodford festival and involves celebrating a weekend, wherein participants come for planting trees. Precisely, the report, commissioned by the Festival Director focuses on developing a strategic marketing plan for successful completion of the festival. Addressing Research Gaps The reader must be aware of the fact that the report solely focuses on developing a strategic marketing plan of the Planting Festival that is to be held in the year 2018 and does not take into consideration the drafted marketing plan beyond 2018. Scope of the Report The report contains a mission statement and goals of marketing plan pertaining to the Planting Festival which is to be organized in 2018. Additionally, a strength-weakness-opportunity-threat (SWOT) analysis on the festival has been provided along with the PESTLE framework highlighting the political, economic, social, technological and economic analysis of Jinbara Country. This has also helped in depicting the prevalence of marketing plan and budget for the festival. All necessary information has in turn been collected from secondary sources such as website of QFF and past survey results Mission Statements Mission statements clearly reflect the purpose of existence of any organization and the means of achieving it (Ward, 2017). In the given case, it can be stated that the mission statement of the Planting Festival is to motivate maximum number of people from New Zealand to participate in the event that is organized at the parkland of Woodfordia. Likewise, it also mentions that QFF aims to educate people about the need of practicing sustainable methods so that damage to the environment can be minimized especially by planting trees. Marketing Plan Goals Marketing plan goals refer to the objectives of any promotional campaign. In this case, it refers to the initiative, which is undertaken by QFF to create awareness about the Planting Festival, which will successfully attract a huge number of visitors from New Zealand. Marketing plan in this case must be completed strategically so that it is possible to accomplish every tasks of promotion in a well defined manner to reduce the issue of budget failure (Ferrell Hartline, 2013). QFF will further undertake promotional campaigns so that the visitors from New Zealand can be aware of the prices of tickets for the Planting Festival. Besides, platforms of promotion will include social media, website of QFF, television and print media, which are most commonly circulated in New Zealand (Duermyer, 2017). Situation Review SWOT analysis is a tool that is used to determine the relative favorable and unfavorable situations, existing in the external and internal environment of an organization. In the present case, SWOT analysis will be able to know the manner, in which strengths and opportunities of QFF can be used to mitigate the threats encircling the Planting Festival (Ommani, 2011). The strength of the planting festival is that it focuses on planting trees, which are responsible for minimizing harm to the environment. Strength on the other hand refers to the internal factors that will enable the festival to become a grand success. Moreover, QFF has a vast acre of land that will assist the management to use on a full scale. Weaknesses in turn can be regarded as the internal aspects such as fund paucity, which can prevent the effective implementation of marketing plan (Woodfordia, n.d.). Threat refers to the external factors such as excessive tax imposed on revenue earning of QFF. Increasing awareness of individuals and government towards eco-friendly initiative can be regarded as the opportunities for QFF to generate revenues from the commencement of the planting festival (Pure Advantage, 2017). PESTLE analysis of Jinbara Country clearly explains about the situation of Queensland, which can create both positive and negative influence on the Planting Festival of 2018 Political- The government in Queensland is observed to provide ample support for programs that promote protection of environment. Thus, it can be stated that QFF will face no obstruction from the government pertaining to the promotion of the planting festival (The State of Queensland, 2017) Economic- The festival will generate new revenues for QFF (Woodford, n.d.) Social- Public in Queensland are quite aware of the damages caused to the environment and so the Planting Festival is supposed to be a great success (Moonee Valley, 2007) Technological-QFF has resorted to use power poles and lines along with water treatment lines in the parkland (Woodford, n.d.) Legal- The government in Queensland is observed to be strict on the aspects such as damage to environment (State of Queensland, 2017) Ecological- it is clearly evident that the program will be well appreciated due to intense focus on protection of environment (State Of Queensland, 2017) Competitive Positioning Competitive positioning refers to the strategies, which are adopted to create awareness about a particular product in a better manner as compared to the competitors. It is therefore essential to consider the cultural expectations of the target market so that any service or good is promoted in a successful manner. In the present case scenario, the competitive positioning can be done by mentioning about the various activities that are to be organized in the Planting Festival. For example, there is a need to mention about the water treatment facilities, workshops and presence of an amphitheatre that has a seat-capacity for 25,000 audiences. The posters must represent Kiwi, which is the national bird of New Zealand, which is also expected to motivate the people to visit the planting festival. Moreover, the posters must highlight the prices of tickets for the event (Hooley, 2008; NewZealandgovt, n.d.). Other Frameworks Porters matrix can be regarded as one of the tools that can be used to explore the extent, to which the program can be a success. It explains that leading position in the market can be obtained by reducing the costs or selling the differentiated product. Moreover, it has the potential to sell services or products to a narrow segment of the market that is termed as focused strategy (Kinyuira, 2014; University of Cambridge, 2016). The framework can be applied to the Planting Festival in the below described manner: Cost Leadership Offer tickets at lower price to attract large number of visitors from New Zealand Differentiation Charge high prices for entry pertaining to wealthy customers from New Zealand Focus Strategy Attract customers such as environmentalist, professors who are interested in programs that promote environmental awareness Table 1: Porters Matrix Issues to be addressed One of the foremost issue that needs to be addressed in safety concerns about the customers to be ensure that the children do not meet any kind of accident as the parkland contains bushes, insects and snakes. There is a need of constant video surveillance so that preventive measures can be taken prior to any fatality. Special initiatives need to be taken so that the disabled persons can properly experience the activities of the planting festival. The management must in turn address the issue of water wastage that can be undertaken by the visitors from New Zealand. Marketing Objectives The foremost objective of marketing is to attract at least 200 customers from New Zealand in the Planting Festival of 2018. Accordingly, promotional campaigns such as advertisements on website of QFF and social media need to be implemented. Strategic Focus Strategic focus refers to the initiative that is taken for attaining objectives of particular business project. In the present case, strategic focus of QFF is observed to be the proper allocation of funds for each activity so that maximum number of visitors participates at the Planting Festival. For example, to attract at least 200 customers in the year 2018, rapid advertisements must be undertaken with one year span to maximize the number of visitors. This can be done using social media and television that is comparatively lower than the print media. Moreover, there is also a need to decide about the target market. In the present case, it is for the target customers belonging to economy as well as wealthy class to maximize the revenue earnings (Sheila Stokes White, 2011; Lake, 2017) 4.1.2 Product Mix. Product mix is referred as the goods or services that are provided to the customers. Considering the Planting Festival, it can be inferred that product mix comprises the opportunity of the customers to participate in tree plantation, thereby enabling them to view the park, participate in workshops, camps and have their preferable food and beverages. Branding is vitally important for the program and hence can be done with the help of a tagline (Byjus, 2016). 4.1.3 Product Development. Product development in this case entails the upgradation of service quality that is provided to the patrons in the Planting festival. This can also be accomplished by understanding the perceptions of the visitors from New Zealand. For example, intense focus can be organized in the amphitheatre so that patrons can understand the need of planting trees through drama. Similarly, short films can be organized highlighting upon the ongoing environmental issues. These aspects must also be mentioned on the online websites of QFF along with the other tools of promotion (Booksellers New Zealand, 2011; Rouse, 2017), 4.1.4 Product Deletion. There is no such need of product deletion as variations in the services can attract different types of customers 4.1.5 Market Extension. It refers to the use of strategies so that market share can be raised. Extension of the Planting Festival can in turn undertake campaigns on the social media. This is because social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter and YouTube are being used extensively by customers of the present scenario (Rouse, 2017a). 4.1.6 Target Customer Groups. Although all types of customers have been targeted, based on the survey results of 2015, it is logical for the target customers falling in the age ranges of 30-39, 18-29 and 40-49 (The Planting Festival, 2015). Three Year Marketing Plan - Goals and Strategies (Positioning/Branding) 4.2.1 Product. As already indicated, the products (services) that are to be offered in 2017- 18 include workshops, visual arts studio, water treatment facilities and amphitheatre. In case of further success, it is planned that QFF will open Parkland in New Zealand. 4.2.2 Price. A fixed price of AUD 200 will be charged from each customer. Thereafter, the prices will vary based on the amenities used and length of visit. No price will hence be charged for attending the workshops 4.2.3 Promotion. Based on the survey results of 2015, it is optimal to use the website of QFF, social media and television to promote the festival. Moreover, it is planned that celebrity endorsement will be more effective for creating awareness. 4.2.4 Place. Initially, the planting program will be organized in Jinbara Country in 2017-18. In case, the number of patrons coming from New Zealand increases, then it will be organized there itself in 2019. 4.2.5 People. There will be three tiers of employees in the Parkland. Top level management will look forward towards the planning mechanisms of the festival and middle level managers therefore need to look towards respective activities such as marketing, financial accounts, operations and hospitality. The frontline staffs are supposed to directly interact with the customers. 4.2. 6 Process. The process of service delivery can mostly be done by means of online platforms pertaining to the sale of tickets. Special discounts will then be provided in case of bulk purchase. 4.2. 7 Physical Evidence. The huge area of the Parkland is itself the physical evidence. Resource Allocation and Monitoring The estimated income and expenditure shows that net income after tax is going to rise from 2017-19 as shown in table 2 below: Table 3: Estimated Cash Flow Statement Non-financial Resource Implications The non-financial resources include the aspect such as staffing. It is planned that in 2017-18, the total number of employees will be 500, out of which 200 of them are supposed to be hired from New Zealand. Managers and frontline employees from New Zealand can better understand the culture of the patrons, who are from the nation. Accordingly, better strategies can be taken for high-quality hospitality. Monitoring and Reviewing The review and monitoring will be undertaken by a separate body. It will clearly detect whether all the tasks are carried on in terms of the plan. In case of any deviation from the stated budget and marketing plans, timely initiatives will be taken. Conclusions The Planting Festival is to be organized in 2018 at the Jinabara Country. It is decided that customers from New Zealand will be attracted. Tickets will be sold on an online basis so that it is possible to maximize revenue. The tools of promotion mainly include social media, television and website of QFF. Patrons will be able to participate in the planting festival, workshops and view films using eco-friendly initiatives in the amphitheatre. Recommendations QFF is trying to target customers from New Zealand in the planting Festival of 2018. It would hence be logical to get tied up with some Universities and schools in New Zealand, so that the students can visit the parkland and participate in the planting festival. Previous tie-ups will reduce the chances of facing losses in case there are sudden changes in the preferences of the customers to come at Jinbara Country. During the tie-ups, 50% of the payment must be taken in advance as security money. References Booksellers New Zealand. (2011). NZ Mountain film festival biggest turnout ever. Retrieved September 18, 2017, from https://old.booksellers.co.nz/book-news/events/nz-mountain-film-festival-biggest-turnout-ever Duermyer, R. (2017). Steps to create a marketing plan. Retrieved September 18, 2017, from https://www.thebalance.com/what-is-a-marketing-plan-1794426 Ferrell, O. C. Hartline, M. H. (2013). Marketing strategy, text and cases. USA: Cengage Learning Hooley. (2008). Marketing strategy and competitive positioning. India: Pearson Education India Kinyuira, D. (2014). Effects of Porters generic competitive strategies on the performance of savings and credit cooperatives (saccos) in Muranga county, Kenya. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 16(6), 93-105. Lake, L. (2017). What is a strategic marketing plan? Retrieved September 18, 2017, from https://www.thebalance.com/what-is-strategic-marketing-plan-4043393 Moonee Valley. (2007). Moonee Valley city council street planting strategy. Files, 1-64. Ommani, A. R. (2011). Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis for farming system businesses management: Case of wheat farmers of Shadervan District, Shoushtar Township, Iran. African Journal of Business Management, 5, 9448-9454. Pureadvantage. (2017). A tree for every Kiwi to be planted in 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2017, from https://pureadvantage.org/news/2016/11/03/tree-every-kiwi-planted-2017/ Rouse, M. (2017). Product development (new product development. Retrieved September 18, 2017, from https://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/product-development-or-new-product-development-NPD Sheila Stokes White. (2011). Position paper strategic focus. Misc, 1-3. State of Queensland. (2017). Environmental protection regulation 2008. Environmental . Protection Act 1994, 1-317. The Planting Festival. (2015). The planting festival 2015 visitors survey report. Attachment, 1-54. The State of Queensland. (2017). Everyone's environment grants program. Retrieved September 18, 2017, from https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/pollution/funding/everyones University of Cambridge. (2016). Porter's generic Competitive Strategies (ways of competing). Retrieved September 18, 2017, from https://www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/research/dstools/porters-generic-competitive-strategies/ Ward, S. (2017). How to write a mission statement mission statement examples. Retrieved September 16, 2017, from https://www.thebalance.com/how-to-write-a-mission-statement-2948001 Woodford. (n.d.). The festival our land Woodfordia. Retrieved September 18, 2017, from https://woodfordfolkfestival.com/the-festival/our-land.html Rouse, M. (2017) a. Extension strategy. Retrieved September 18, 2017, from https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/extension-strategy Woodfordia. (n.d.) The Woodfordia land. Retrieved September 18, 2017, from https://woodfordia.org.au/the-woodfordia-land.html Byjus. (2016). Product mix. Contents, 1-4. NewZealandgovt. (n.d.). Kiwi. Retrieved September 18, 2017, from https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/native-animals/birds/birds-a-z/kiwi

So Deeply To Be Reverenced, So Fair, Essays - Divine Comedy

So deeply to be reverenced, so fair, My lady is when her smile bestows, All sound of speaking falters to a close And eyes which would behold her do not dare Of praises sung of her she is aware, Yet clad in sweet humility she goes A miracle in which the world may share. Dante Alighieri Sonet XXVI Lavita Nueva At age nine, Dante was graced by the beauty of Beatrice Portinari, and for the rest of his life, many of his writings portrayed his intense love for merely the thought of her which seemed to haunt him. Although his relationship with her was only from afar, within his mind, Beatrice captivated him as he believed she was a miracle sent from heaven. Women have been portrayed in every way throughout time. More often, women have portrayed as a model of Eve, the misguided seductress of Adam in the Bible. The lure of a woman is ambiguous, a mystery of the sensual persona that has captivated many medieval writers. Dante does not portray women as the weakness of all man, instead in his Comedia, Beatrice is the divine beauty and guide of his journey into heaven. Undoubtedly, Beatrice captivated Dante enough for him to dedicate his Comedia to, and through his vivid imagination, he recreates her as a heavenly spirit who protects his ultimate fate as she is the most influencial character. Dante wrote La Comedia in the age of religious devotion and fear of sin, which signifies La Comedia as an ultimate portrayal of medieval thought. A sure anxiety of the afterlife was cultivated by the rise of Christianity. What is the ultimate sin? How does one repent sin? What is the journey of the afterlife? Endless questions surely haunted the medieval mind, and Dante was surely fascinated by the possibilities. Within his curiosities was beatrice, who enchanted Dante and possibly encouraged his medieval mind, and Dante was surely fascinated by the possibilities. Within his curiosities was Beatrice, who enchanted Dante and possibly encouraged his writing of La Comedia after her death. My Soul- Such years had passed since last it saw that lady and stood trembling in her presence, stupefied by the power of holy awe- now, by some power that shone from her above the reach and witness of my mortal eyes, felt the full mastery of enduring love. Dante Alighieri La Comedia Canto XXX Purgatorio This is Dante's first sight of Beatrice in La Comedia. He has not seen her in ten years since her death, but at this first sight, he immediately feels his deep love for her. He dresses her in the colors of hope, faith and caritas, three divine qualities that he saw in her earthly presence and also here, on his way to Paradiso. Beatrice as a woman was Dante's inspiration, and even after her death, he portrays her as his most divine persona of perfection. In the medieval Christian mind, all divine beings (such as Beatrice) could read into the true soul of a mortal man. It is difficult to analyze Dante's motivation to write La Comedia, but his portrayal of Beatrice may have been a personal prayer to her. If Dante revealed his enchantment of her soul, his belief that she was a miracle sent from God, and his absolute love that consumed his every thought, possibly she would allow him into her heart when he died and made his own journey into heaven. Oh lady in whom my hope shall ever soar and who my salvation suffered even to set your feet upon Hell's broken floor Through your power and your excellence alone have I recognized the goodness and the grace inherent in the things I have been shown. Dante Aligheri La Comedia Canto XXXI Paradiso Throughout his life, Dante's most profound writings have been inspired by his utmost love for Beatrice. Dante graciously thanks Beatrice for his understanding of the divine virtues in his Comedia. Throughout his life, Dante had been inspired by the mere presence of her beauty and grace on earth, and as he portrayed her angelic persona in La Comedia. La Vita Nueva was a poetry book devoted solely to her, as La Comedia was his ultimate vision and appreciation of her

Anti-Inflationary Policies and the Issue of Credibility of Central Banks Essays

Anti-Inflationary Policies and the Issue of Credibility of Central Banks Essays Anti-Inflationary Policies and the Issue of Credibility of Central Banks Essay Anti-Inflationary Policies and the Issue of Credibility of Central Banks Essay Anti-inflationary policies are the policies taken by the government to announce inflation target lowering it to zero, in the beginning of the year, which at that time is considered optimal. The government wants to keep the inflation level low in an economy. It is the continuous rise in the general price level of goods and services over a period of time in an economy. As we know inflation can cause serious social consequences, if it’s not perfectly anticipated, money as a measure of value or as a medium of exchange is undermined.The issue of credibility The announcement of the government of anti-inflation will form expectations and be embedded into contracts. Wage contracts are also signed in this period. In this circumstance, the policymaker has a chance to induce a surprise inflation leading to an increase in inflation level and a decrease in the level of unemployment. This may be desirable, particularly if the natural level of unemployment is consider ed too high from a social point of view, so that during the year a higher inflation would have been optimal.And as this has been undertaken by the government a number of times, the announcements are not considered credible. The private sector can foresee the consequent move by the government and does not take into account the announcement, since in the past the government induced surprise inflation, although this inducement is not the response to any change in the environment but the change in policy action of the private sector itself. This brings in the time-inconsistency problem, where there are considerable two players, private sector and the policy maker (here, government).Knowing that the final unemployment rate would be UN, the government choose to minimise inflation by promising to drive down ? to 0. The private sector then predicts the government’s final move and makes a choice regardless of the policy and forces the policy maker to make the final decision at ? gt; 0 , which means accommodating positive inflation with no gain in unemployment level: inflationary bias. And countries with high inflationary bias are said to have the credibility problem as the private sector realise the government’s incentive for inducing surprise inflation.This lack of credibility leads to an undesirable aftermath. The monetary authority will have to accommodate higher wage pressures and inflationary expectations in order to keep the unemployment level in control. Although, according to the literature by Kydland and Prescott in 1977 the credibility problems occurs when the monetary authorities have the short run incentive to achieve an output or employment target that is above the NAIRU OR market-clearing level. It can even arise in the absence of conflict of objectives between the private sector and policy maker.The time-inconsistency also arises even if policy maker decides to stabilise the economy at NAIRU but with forward-looking variables like inflation or long-run interest rate or even exchange rate. Solution to time-inconsistency problem The main solution to this time-inconsistency problem causing an inflationary bias, could be a constitutional rule, or a central bank independence combined with an optimal inflation contract (Walsh,1998) or an optimal inflation target (Svensson,1997a). And it is Rogoff who has proposed to delegate monetary policy to an independent and conservative central banker to reduce the inflationary bias.This meant that inflation stabilisation would be given up for output stabilisation. The numerical analysis below explains how the degree of independence and conservativeness effect the level of inflation. (Berger, Haan Eijffinger,2000) The policymakers seek to minimise the loss function of the government which is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ is output †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ is desired output †¦.. is gove rnment’s weight on output stabilization Lucas supply function by which output is driven is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. is actual inflation †¦.. is expected inflation †¦is a random shock with mean 0 and variance†¦ Taking the inflation expectation as given, the policy makers minimise the loss function on a periodic basis. With rational expectations inflation is: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The first term on the right hand side is the ‘inflationary bias’ and the second term reflects to the degree to which stabilisation of output shocks influence inflation. If a conservative central banker is charge of the monetary policy the loss function would be †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. is additional inflation aversion of the central banker.According to Eijffinger and Hoeberichts ( 1998), the money supply can be modelled as: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦.. is the degree of central bank independence. So, after minimising government’s loss function, with rational expectations, inflation will be depicted as†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Comparing the inflation level it can be seen that the inflationary bias is lower for positive values of †¦.. and †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ It does show that lower level of inflation will be achieved by delegating monetary policy to a conservative and independent central bank.But if the central banker and the government has the same inflation aversion, (? =0) the independence does not matter and in the same way, if the central bank is fully controlled by the government, (? =0) the conservativene ss does not matter, unless it is the optimal combination of ? and ?. However, McCallum (1995) criticised this solution of reducing inflation bias. He argued that delegation barely relocates the time inconsistency problem rather than resolving it, since the government can still induce surprise inflation if it changes the terms of delegation.But, the time inconsistency problem is reduced to some extent if it’s costly to change delegation. Then again the central bank independence is also dependent on the legislators who can change the law. Legislation of a law to create an independent central bank and authorise it to direct its policies to achieve price stability is one of the mechanisms to overcome the incentive problems of monetary policy. Others include the contracting approach, where application of ideas from principal agent literature is the optimal contract.According to Walsh(1995), an optimal linear inflation contract can eliminate the inflationary bias without distorting the stabilisation policy. And the linear contract can be mapped into an inflation target shown by Svensson(1997). But the problem that occurs with this is that when the inflation is high, the government has no incentive to enforce the contract, it will try to encourage the central bank to be more expansionary when there is high unemployment. According to the empirical evidence it has been seen that central bank independence (CBI) helps to reduce inflation.Cukierman stated that in industrialised countries, CBI and inflation are negatively correlated although in developing countries the CBI index is not correlated with inflation. The cross-country analysis showed an empirical link between credibility and central bank independence. High degree of CBI is said to be associated with low inflation and the economies do not suffer from above-average output volatility. Although the direction of causality is questioned and Posen(1995) suggested that it goes from low inflation to high CBI rath er that the normally assumed ‘high CBI helps to control inflation’.Societies with a stable economic environment are likely to encourage and support independent monetary institutions which, in turn are more effective in controlling inflation. Although the cross-sectional analysis might show misleading results since it omits country-specific features which might be simultaneously correlated to the degree of independence of the central bank(Muscatelli Trecroci, 2000). Theoretically the concept of conservativeness in central bank might work, but practically, it seems void because the positions in the governing board of a central bank are not easy to identify and they change term-wise.Cukierman and Grilli et al. showed that instrument independence effects inflation performance but conservativeness has little or no impact. The emphasis is on the importance of institutions is mixed and the cross-country evidence involves problems of interpretation. Optimal inflation targeting Another measure, inflation targeting can be used to reduce the inflationary bias and many countries has adopted this as their monetary policy regime. It enables the monetary policy to focus on domestic considerations and also is understood by the public and thus highly transparent.With an explicit inflation target, this regime helps to reduce the chance of the central bank to falling in a time-inconsistency trap. And since time-inconsistency is likely to come from political pressures, the central bank can focus on controlling inflation rather than rising economic growth and the number of jobs through expansionary monetary policy(Mishkin,1999). Friedman and Kuttner(1996) have criticised the regime of inflation targeting because, according to them, it imposes a rigid rule on the policy makers and makes it difficult for them to have discretion in responding to unforeseen circumstances.But according to Mishkin(1999) useful strategies those are ‘rule-like’ and involve forwar d looking behaviour, constrains policy makers from undertaking policies with undesirable long-run consequences. Inflation targeting requires that the central bank should use all information available to determine the optimal policy to achieve the inflation target. And it is practised with a substantial degree of discretion. Through its transparency this regime increases the central bank’s accountability, which contains discretion so that it can help to amend the time inconsistency problem.Conclusions According the evidence provided, we can see that both independence and conservativeness matter for inflation performance, provided that the government cannot change delegation at zero cost. The issue of credibility of policies takes the government’s reputation of an economy at stake and causes the time-inconsistency problem. Pressures from government might force the policymakers to take decisions that lead to reduction in the unemployment level at the expense of high infla tion.If the monetary policy is delegated to an independent and conservative central bank that is more accountable, transparent and free from political pressures it can focus on the long-run goals of an economy which is price stability and set policies accordingly and not change its decisions from time to time for a short-run incentive like reduction in the unemployment level. And thus the credibility issue would not be questioned. The private sector learns about the central bank’s intentions through central bank independence.

Illinois State Unit Study - Geography, State Symbols Facts

Illinois State Unit Study - Geography, State Symbols Facts These state unit studies are designed to help children learn the geography of the United States and learn factual information about every state. These studies are great for children in the public and private education system as well as homeschooled children. Learn All About Illinois with These Resources Print the United States Map and color each state as you study it. Keep map at the front of your notebook for use with each state. Print the State Information Sheet and fill in the information as you find it. Print the Illinois State Outline Map and fill in the state capital, large cities and state attractions that you find. Answer the Following Questions About Illinois State Capital What is the capital?Capitol TourState Flag Why was Illinois added to the flag?State Flower What is the state flower?State Prairie Grass What is the state prairie grass?State Animal When was the state animal made official?State Bird Who selected the state bird?State Fish How big does this fish get?State Fossil What is the Tully Monster?State Mineral What is this mineral used for?State Tree What was the state tree changed to?State Insect Who suggested this state insect?State Song Who wrote the state song?State Dance What is the official dance?State Seal What was changed on the new seal? Printable Illinois Worksheets Illinois Printable Pages - Learn more about Illinois with these printable worksheets and coloring pages. Did You Know... List two interesting facts. Word Search - Print out the word search and find the state related words. Illinois State Symbols Game - Test your knowledge of the symbols. Do You Know? - Fun facts about Illinois. Route 66 Printables Historic Route 66 - The official website of the Illinois Route 66 Scenic Byway.Chicago, Illinois is where the Mother Road begins. Government - Learn about the three branches of government; executive, legislative and judicial. Envirofun - Learn about the environment and have some fun with: Middle Riddle: A picture riddle with an environmental message.How to Put Worms to Work for You: How to build a compost binMake a Water Cycle WheelLitter Hunt At Home in the Heartland Online - Family life in Illinois from 1700 to the present. Meet real people and share in their decision making. Shedd Aquarium - Explore the animals at the Shedd Aquarium. Dont miss the interactive story of Kayavak. Chicago Fire - Learn about this amazing fire that destroyed thousands of buildings and read about one young girls narrow escape. Willis  Tower - Learn about the second tallest building in North America. Print and color the pictures in the coloring book. Robert Pershing Wadlow - Meet the gentle giant. Odd Illinois Law: Catching fish with dynamite was forbidden.

International Arbitration and Islamic Law or Sharia Law Dissertation

International Arbitration and Islamic Law or Sharia Law - Dissertation Example There may be also generation of stipulations attached with the confidentiality of the proprietary information, evidence, backdrop, number of arbitrators, issues attached with arbitration and so on (Kohler & Stucki, 2004). Among the various definitions of arbitration one of the definitions can be mentioned in this case which is as follows: â€Å" two or more parties, faced with a dispute which they cannot resolve for themselves, agreeing that some private individual will resolve it for them and if the arbitration runs its full course†¦.it will not be settled by a compromise, but by a decision† (Born, 2009, p.217). History of arbitration Arbitration finds its roots in the Greek mythology as well as in the Bible (Moloff, 2008, p.186). In the maritime industries of the pre-colonial England as well as within the merchants of diverse trade background, the process of arbitration found its profound utilization. Prior to the industrial revolution, the process of arbitrage was high ly predominant among the American colonies and the process was regarded as an inexpensive and highly private although a voluntary mode highly depending with the ties of the communities as well as pressures for the effectiveness of the policies. The first permanent board of arbitration was established in 1768, by the New York Chamber of Commerce followed by the implementation of the primal comprehensive clause of arbitration although the availability was limited to a restricted number of disputants (Wolfe, 2006, p.432). The scenario widened its horizon with the herald of twentieth century with the necessity of making the process of arbitration an alternative method of dispute resolution. The process strengthened with the creation of organized labor movement. In 1925, the United States Congress enacted the New York Federal Arbitration (FAA) with the notion that the agreements to submit disputes to arbitration should be as enforceable as of any other contracts (Brunet, 2006, p.36). Wit h gradual crawling of time, after 1950s, lawmakers stressed that the process of arbitration can be implemented as a device of resolving international disputes. In 1998, Congress enacted the Alternative dispute Act (ADA) which led to the mandatory equipment of every federal district court for authorizing by local rules, the utilization of the alternative dispute resolution process in all civil actions and also led to the designation of a judge or other employee to be knowledgeable in ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) practices. In today’s world of complex legal milieu majority of the lawyers and litigators find it compulsory for the application of ADR processes with arbitration in particular (Bennett, 2009, pp. 9-12). Basic foundation for arbitration The basic foundation on which arbitration rests is that of the consensual nature embedded in it. No arbitration procedure will take place with the without the express consent of each party. The prerequisite of a consensual arbi tration agreement can be inspected as an assemblage of procedures which directs to the avoidance of the default jurisdiction of the domestic courts and hence it must be clearly demarcated. In most of the cases, the agreement of arbitration will require

Was the US Supreme Court Health Care Decision Written by Chief Justice Essay

Was the US Supreme Court Health Care Decision Written by Chief Justice Roberts an Example of Judicial Activism - Essay Example Judicial activism was not apparent in the recent Supreme Court decision even if the decision imposed certain changes in the law being passed. These are incidental results in the exercise of its functions, with the end goal of ensuring the compliance of the laws with the constitution. Table of Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Body†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Overview of Supreme Court functions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Judicial review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Judicial activism†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Judicial activism v. Judicial review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ... With this decision, the legislative requirement for Americans to have health insurance by 2012 was upheld. This decision also supported the mandate to buy health insurance - an individual mandate - as a constitutional application of the legislative taxing power. Majority of the justices ruled that the individual mandate was not an effective application of the Congressional Commerce Clause or its Necessary and Proper Clause authority. Majority of the Supreme Court justices also assented to the fact that the expansion of the Medicaid was not a valid application of legislative spending power as it illegally mandates states to accede to the expansion or else lose their Medicaid financial privileges. This decision has been filled with various complications for the ACA and the HCERA, with significant changes in the original mandates passed by Congress. This prompted President Obama, as well as other analysts and interest groups to be cautioned against judicial policy-making or judicial act ivism. They further argue that the actions of the Supreme Court in these suspected cases of judicial activism are tantamount to a violation of the separation of powers. On the other hand, others are quick to argue that the judiciary is appropriately exercising its powers of adjudication, in the valid application of principle of checks and balances. Based on these opposing views, this paper shall discuss whether or not judges should be policy-makers and whether or not the Supreme Court health care decision written by Chief Justice Roberts is an example of judicial activism. This paper will be based on the decision itself, including related news media and think

Desegregation and the Future Essay Example for Free

Desegregation and the Future Essay The civil rights movement was one of the most pivotal periods in United States history, and Martin Luther King was one of the most influential. In Martin Luther Kings speech, Segregation and the Future, to convey the theme of freedom he uses rhetorical devices such as repetition and metaphors. In his speech, the use of repetition was used to better convey his points and to let the audience know what he wants with clarity. An example of this repetition is when he repeats the word, leaders. His use of repetition for the word leaders was to remind the National Committee of Rural Schools that they are supposed to lead with a purpose and that purpose according to Martin Luther King was to better educate both white and black students with equal treatment. He wants the leaders of the committee to lead others in a better way of thinking, and to stray from current ideas that infringe on the rights of African Americans. Another example of repetition in his speech is his use of the words, not the way. He wants the audience to know he views would impede upon their cause. He lists violence, hate and bitterness as things that are, not the way to help with their cause. The second prominent rhetorical device that Martin Luther King used were metaphors. One example of a metaphor that coveys the theme of freedom is when compares a, festering sore to segregation. Martin Luther Kings comparison shows his contempt for segregation and how freedom is always the better choice. Comparisons to negative objects or situations, put things like segregation into a more personal and more understandable meaning, making this metaphor powerful. A second example of Kings use of metaphor is his comparison of the Supreme Court decision of Brown v. Board to a joyous daybreak that ended the long night of human captivity. Martin Luther King uses this comparison to show how momentous this Supreme Court decision was. The Supreme Court ruled that segregation in schools was unconstitional, became a huge step toward equality and Martin Luthers comparison shows this. Martin Luther Kings use of repetition and metaphors makes his speeches more inspiring and more emotional to others. Without his use of rhetorical  devices, his speeches would fall on deaf ears and wouldnt have caused a movement toward equality. His use of repetition and metaphors in this speech better display his themes of freedom and have inspired America for years to come.

Importance of Fear in The Lord of the Flies Essay -- Lord of the Flies

Importance of Fear in The Lord of the Flies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The boys in the book, The Lord of the Flies, are controlled by their fear of the beast.   This fear is not of the beast itself, but of the unknown. It comes from not knowing whether or not a beast exists.    The children start as one united group.   They are a community in their own.   Slowly, rules started to get broken, individuals began to leave, and the group broke apart.   The one thing that causes this break-up is the beast. The beast means different things to everyone, but each boy is afraid of it.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All of this fear starts at one of the very first assemblies when a littlun says that he saw a beastie in the forest.   "Now he says it was a beastie" (35).   Everyone is already a little afraid of being on the island alone, without any adults, but this makes them even more scared.   Ralph, the chosen leader, feels this fear and notices it among the other boys.   He tries to reassure the others as well as himself with, "You couldn't have a beastie, a snake-thing, on an island this size.   You only get them in big countries, like Africa, or India" (36).   He continues trying to ease the fear by ending the conversation of beasties with, "...I tell you there is no beast" (36).   In addition, Ralph tries to have an optimistic look on rescue, and talks of fun on the island to help the children stay calm.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jack and Ralph continue discussing the issue of fear, without the littluns present, to avoid frightening them further.   Mostly they discuss how the littluns scream out in their dreams because they are so afraid.   Simon joins in on one of their conversations on page 52:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "'As if it wasn't a good island.'   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ast... ...      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By the end of the novel, it is not the beast that has driven the boys to savagery; it is their fear of the beast.   Most of the boys try to deal with their fear by pushing it away, but it is always in the back of their minds, controlling every move they make.   They do not know whether or not there is a beast on the island.   They are afraid of the unknown.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Works Cited. Baker, James R. "Why It's No Go." Critical Essays on William Golding. Ed. James R. Baker. Boston: G.K. Hall & Co., 1988. Golding, William. Lord of the Flies. London: Faber and Faber, 1958. Hynes, Samuel. "William Golding's Lord of the Flies." Critical Essays on William Golding. Ed. James R. Baker. Boston: G.K. Hall & Co., 1988. Moody, Philippa. Golding: Lord of the Flies, a critical commentary. London: Macmillan, 1964.         

Happiness in marriage Essay

â€Å"Happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance.† With reference to marriages in Pride and Prejudice, to what extent is this statement true? Marriage is the key issue in Pride and Prejudice, and Austen uses class structure, manners and proper behaviour in society to embellish the topic. It is the overall picture given by these subjects that tell us about the happiness a woman could expect from entering the state of marriage, whether marrying for love and felicity, or, as seems the wise choice in the case of many of the characters, for money and financial security. Pride and Prejudice explores the situations that many young ladies found themselves put in, and whether or not it was possible to achieve fulfilment and happiness if you were to marry for the latter. In the Bennet household, particularly, marriage is a very poignant subject. For Mrs Bennet, she feels it is essential for her girls (and for herself) that they should marry well, as otherwise they stand to lose everything without a son to take over the estate. Her feelings are made clear at the beginning, once she has heard that a wealthy Mr Bingley has recently moved to the neighbourhood. Without any knowledge or regard for his character, she immediately jumps to the conclusion that it is ‘a fine thing for our girls’. This statement is made purely on the awareness of his handsome fortune, and of the happiness and fortune that it could bring her. She uses the word ‘girls’, and this shows that she doesn’t care for individual happiness, but she does want one of them married to him, never mind which. Her own marriage is described as lacking in ‘respect, esteem and confidence’, and through Elizabeth’s eyes it is improper and ‘unsuitable’. Although their marriage was based chiefly on an attraction on Mr Bennet’s part, Jane Austen states that it had been an ‘imprudent’ move, and that he ‘had married a woman whose weak understanding and illiberal mind had very early in their marriage put an end to all real affection.’ The only happiness he seems to have from the marriage is his constant mocking of his wife for his own amusement, and marvelling at her ignorance. The marriage which exists is based on a fancy rather than the three qualities that Jane Austen, through Elizabeth, attributes to true marital happiness for both partners: respect, esteem and confidence, which is exactly what Mr and Mrs Bennet don’t have for each other. Mrs Bennet, for her own daughter’s marriages, sees the purpose as a way of supporting themselves, and gaining some kind of financial security, and the bigger the fortune, the better the match. When Elizabeth turns down the heir to Longbourn, Mr Collins, she says to her daughter â€Å"If you go on refusing every offer of marriage, you will never get a husband, and I am sure I do not know who is to maintain you when your father is dead.† This view is one shared by Charlotte, although she does not air her opinions so openly. Charlotte Lucas is a realist. Her role in the book is to represent the thoughts and intentions of many ladies in eighteenth century society. What numerous young women were doing, whether they were influenced by their mothers or not, was to make a cautious and prudent marriage. As a girl of twenty-seven, plain, and in danger of dying an old maid, she has taken on the view that ‘happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance’ is a reference to the fact that women did pre-dominantly marry for money, not indeed love. She even goes as far as to advise Elizabeth on a match with Mr Darcy, although Elizabeth’s feelings are prejudiced towards him. She tells Elizabeth ‘not to be a simpleton, and allow her fancy for Wickham make her appear unpleasant in the eyes of [Darcy] a man ten times his consequence.’ This shows her prudence, that although Elizabeth has admitted she has feelings for Wickham, she should keep herself open to anyone who pays her a compliment, and is wealthier. It is this theory that influences her own marriage with Mr Collins, for although there is no real affection on her side, he can offer her protection and a comfortable life. The practical nature of her marriage causes her to justify herself to her best friend, and she openly admits to her ‘I am not a romantic, I never was’. Immediately, this tells us that this marriage is not the result of a passionate affair, it is the conclusion that her ‘chance of happiness with him is as fair as most people can boast on entering the marriage state.’ This statement is quite shocking, because it means the wedding takes place with no real affection on either side: it is done merely for self-gain. This view is also made clear when she comments on Jane and Bingley’s relationship: ‘When [Jane] is secure of him (i.e. a wedding or engagement has taken place), there will be leisure for falling in love as much as she chuses.’ Although Mr Collins seems to be happy, when he tells Elizabeth that ‘We (he and Charlotte) seem to have been designed for each other,’ we have to go back to the fact that Charlotte was his third choice. He had favoured Jane, before Mrs Bennet enlightened him with the information that she believed that she would soon be engaged to Bingley, and it was only afterwards, when Elizabeth had turned his offer of marriage down, that he showed any regard for Charlotte. He proposed twice in three days, and so it is clear that no real feelings of admiration on either part could have developed strongly. This marriage is established on the ground that Mr Collins wants to set an example to his parishioners, and, more importantly in his eyes, to please his wealthy patroness, Lady Catherine. Mr. Collins also remarks on Elizabeth’s situation, as his wife had done previously when he says that her ‘portion is unhappily so small that it will in all likelihood undo the effects of [her] loveliness and amiable qualifications.’ The Lucases are by no means wealthy, but Mr Collins is not looking for wealth, he is looking to add to his happiness by obtaining a companion. He came with the intention of returning home with a Bennet bride, but failing that he has an intelligent, practical woman, who has gone into a marriage with no pre-wedding romance, but to be content with her quite prosperous situation. As Elizabeth observes, Charlotte was ‘disgracing herself and sunk in her esteem, was added the distressing conviction that it was impossible for that friend to be tolerably happy in the lot she had chosen.’ In direct contrast to Charlotte’s carefully thought about match, Lydia rushes into a passionate and imprudent marriage. Society almost expected women to marry above their own wealth and station, to make a sensible union, but it was a disgrace to have an affair – it was essential that a woman should keep her virtue. Lydia, however, did the latter but not the first. Inside these parameters, Lydia is a slur on her already tarnished family name. Herr quite insincere love caused her to follow her heart, and go against the foresight that was instilled in so many young women, essentially from birth. Her love can be described more as a ‘fancy’, because it holds none of the virtues so important to Elizabeth, and therefore Jane Austen’s eyes: respect, esteem and gratitude. However, the match between herself and Wickham gives them both happiness, and, although her family does not share their feelings, her decision, however misguided, does give her happiness. Prior to the marriage, she writes ‘for there is but one man in the world I love, and he is an angel’. This view is in opposition to Charlotte’s, that one must marry into good fortune, and then see what happiness may come of it, if any at all. Lydia’s perception of Wickham is unchanged when she writes again, once Elizabeth and Darcy are married. She says that ‘If you love Mr Darcy half so well as I do my dear Wickham, you must be very happy.’ Although on initially embarking on her elopement, the marriage looked as though it was a flirtatious whim, especially on the part of Wickham, by the end, there is no real relationship development, except that they still love each other. From the circumstances surrounding both of their families, it is safe to say that Wickham is not marrying for wealth, it is for his apparent love for Lydia. Previously, he had been engaged to Mary King, a wealthy heiress of ten thousand pounds, and Elizabeth had said of the match ‘a wise and desirable measure for both; handsome young men must have something to live on, as well as the plain.’ As Colonel Fitzwilliam said of men ‘Our habits of expense make us too dependent, and there are not many in my rank of life who can afford to marry without some attention to money’. However, these same motives are not seen in his match with Lydia, although it is true to say that unless Darcy had intervened, they may not have married. Elizabeth also observes that his affections for Lydia were ‘not equal to Lydia’s for him†¦.that their elopement had been brought on by the strength of her love’. She also wonders why ‘he chose to elope with her at all’, before coming to the conclusion that some financial gain must have been the reason, ‘and if that were the case, he was not the young man to resist an opportunity of having a companion’. However, these reasons have not impaired Lydia’s enjoyment of married life, nor Wickham’s, as she is constantly praising him – he is always her ‘dear’, and he did ‘everything the best in the world’. Whether these observations are made due to Lydia’s ignorance, or her blindness in her fancy, she does not seem to have tired of him, as Mr Bennet had of Mrs Bennet soon after their wedding. Someone who has married for both money and affection is Jane. There is a mutual attraction between her and Mr Bingley, and this leads onto, we presume, matrimonial bliss. Their relationship is fixed firmly on a rational basis, and they both share an optimistic view of the world. Elizabeth, early on in the book, comments on the likelihood that Jane’s marriage would be for money, not love, but by the end, Jane and Bingley’s equally happy manners and charming countenances mean that there is equality in their affections – unlike Wickham and Lydia, where there is more fondness on her side. Their shared admiration for one another gives the foundation for equilibrium, that there will be a good balance of respect, esteem and confidence on both sides. Mr Bingley says that ‘he could not conceive an angel more attractive,’ while Jane says of Bingley, albeit in private, that ‘she never saw such happy manners’. With these observations, this is a match will lead to domestic felicity – that luck and chance will have no role in the marriage; it has been carefully thought out, and although it is practical, it is also a match which will bring happiness on both sides. Elizabeth describes him as ‘violently in love’, and goes on to say, at the request of her aunt, that he was ‘wholly engrossed in her’ and his inattention to anyone else, meant that this was ‘the very essence of love.’ Mr Bennet, immediately after the engagement had been announced tells his daughter that ‘you will be a very happy woman†¦I have no doubt of your doing very well together.’ These views are ones shared by all, because it is obvious from their first physical attraction, and also their same manner, that they were well suited, and that their pleasure is secured by such high regard. However, when Elizabeth announces her engagement, her father is not as convinced that she will be as happy as Jane is. Her knowledge of Darcy’s gallantry has grown, whereas her father’s has been stifled, and so he doubts her true happiness when he says: ‘I know your true disposition, Lizzy. I know that you could be neither happy nor respectable unless you truly esteemed your husband.’ However, his understanding of her true feelings could not be further from the truth. Throughout the entire book, it seems Darcy and Elizabeth’s relationship is the only one that has grown in understanding and estimation of one another. Respect on both sides has grown, because as they have gained more knowledge, they have also gained more esteem. This is the one relationship where there is a true shift from almost hate to true love. The re-assessment of characters allows us to see the real feelings behind the relationship, and even with Jane and Bingley’s, although they respect one another, their connection is based centrally around admiration, whereas Darcy and Elizabeth have had to conquer their own pride and prejudice to have a full understanding of each other. Throughout the novel, Austen dropped hints about Darcy’s interest into Elizabeth’s intriguing character, but Elizabeth showed no interest in Darcy, except to air her feelings of intolerance at his proud nature. Mrs Gardiner, whose marriage is a very good example of what a successful relationship should aim to achieve, is very motherly towards Elizabeth and gives her competent advice, rather than nonsensical schemes for marriage. She advises her on her fancy for Mr Wickham: ‘affection for Wickham would be so very imprudent because of his want of fortune’. The relationships in the book are mainly seen through the eyes of Elizabeth, and it is she who determines whether they are happy or not. She was full of scorn for Charlotte’s match with her father’s cousin, and when she advised Elizabeth that Jane should ‘secure’ him and than fall in love, she made a witty and ironic comment, which tells us that she would only marry for a love that had been determined before a ceremony: ‘Where nothing is in question but the desire of being well married; and if I were determined to get a rich husband, or any husband, I dare say I should adopt it.’ In short, Lizzy represents Austen’s own view on marriage, that one should truly know, admire and respect a person before entering the state. Her mother complained to Mrs Gardiner, that had it not been for Lizzy’s ‘perverseness’ she could have married Mr Collins. With views such as this, it is little wonder that the intelligent Elizabeth has such guarded opinion of marriage: she had always been aware of the ‘impropriety’ of her own parent’s union, that this could put her off entering into marriage with someone she did not hold esteem for. It is this reasoning that allows her to fall in love with Darcy, and visa versa. Her unconventional views on what should be established prior to an engagement contrast with many of the motives for the marriages in the book. Lydia and Wickham, as well as Mr Bennet had all been headlong in their reasons, and these marriages, although they could bring happiness for at least some amount of time would not have been as morally successful as Elizabeth and Darcy, whose marriage is based on mutual esteem. Whereas Charlotte had thought about the espousal, and then agreed, much to the disdain of her friend, her happiness is impaired, because the marriage is not based on love, as Elizabeth’s is, it is principled on common gain, as were many matches in the society. Not only do Darcy and Elizabeth respect and gratify each other, they also share common interests, such as reading, as well as having the same elegant tastes. These qualities ensure happiness, unlike Mr and Mrs Bennet, where stimulation of the mind is essential to one, and stimulation of the tongue necessary for the other. Pride and Prejudice is a very good example of what different types of marriages can achieve: a good home and security, passion and fun or intelligent companionship. Marriage opens up different ways to different types of happiness, but true happiness can only be achieved on the grounds of honour and deference. Lydia, and to some extent Wickham, are happy, despite the different morals in their marriage, when compared to Charlotte and Mr Collins marriage. Darcy and Elizabeth are happy because they knew, appreciated and respected each other before entering matrimony, whereas Wickham and Lydia entered marriage with little but their fancy for each other to base their lives together on. In my opinion, Darcy and Elizabeth’s match is better, because their happiness is determined before marriage, not decided afterwards. ‘Happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance’ is true to some marriages, but in a carefully calculated marriage, based on respect, esteem and confidence, the question of chance is indifferent.   

Human behavior Essay

Behavior of individuals in various settings is at times very difficult due to ethical constraints. This includes the investigation of why people take risks or gamble with their decision making processes. However, it is quite interesting to note that on situations which are not so threatening for individuals, it is apparent that people typically take risks in picking their options or when making their final choice. The following shows available data on human motivation and the theories surrounding the topic. Risk taking is defined as â€Å"engaging in any activity with an uncertain outcome,† as one scholar puts it. Theories of Motivation on Risk Taking Different theories describe and explain risk taking and why human beings are motivated to pursue or engage in activities or behavior that put their lives in much danger or create an element of risk of whatever form. The following are taken from current literature in the field of human behavior analysis. 1. Psychoanalytic or Psychodynamic Theory. Following the tradition of Freud, human motivation to take risks is taken from the basic understanding that when people feel fear in a certain situation or occasion, it is not good to overcome that fear. Freudian theory condemns outrightly risk taking as plain insanity. It reasons that to risk man’s very life has no warrant at all. It is nonsense. In other important spheres of life, however, to risk is inevitable and deemed necessary. There are many successful people in the business world who are known as risk takers (Llewellyn, 2003). They succeed, in fact, because of this unique attitude in them which is considered foolhardy in other realms. While it is true that life is the most precious commodity a man could ever possess, and to risk it is foolishness, it is equally true that not to risk at all in other areas means cowardice and immobility. Psychoanalysts even treat risk-taking behavior as a symptom of â€Å"a diseased mind. † Because for them, life is not to be gambled, therefore, it is insanity when someone chooses bungee-jumping as his/her sport (Llewellyn, 2003). 2. The Evolutionary Theory. Evolutionary theory explained man’s adventurous nature as simply an expression of his primal instincts (Llewellyn, 2003). Assuming that Darwin’s theory is correct, that man evolved from apes like common animal, a human early in the evolutionary process had to fight for his life to survive. This survival nature, according to this theory, is retained in modern man’s genetic make up (Llewellyn, 2003). This is the reason why even those people in the elite echelon of society choose to use their favorite sport like riding a dirigible as their campaign tool to promote their business. The problem with this theory is that it has remained to be unproven and lacking in evidences as yet. Humans are not proven to have descended from apes. 3. Contemporary Theories a. Extroversion and Introversion Personality theories contend that this two broad scope of personality traits capture the individual’s propensity towards behaving in certain ways. Extroversion helps explain why some people tend to be outgoing and hence, the greater the probability to engage in risky decisions (Llewellyn, 2003). b. Emotional Stability and Neuroticism This is another of the Contemporary theories that shed light on traits that remain stable over a period of time, clearly indicating which may best describe an individual and what differs him/her from another. Emotionally stable people, as those who posit on this model, may take risks but have taken many things to great lengths in order to get the best possible option or alternative (Llewellyn, 2003). Conversely, people who are more on the neuroticism side manifest the greater tendency to take risks without much weighing on the consequences. The tendency to be impulsive is to a higher degree present in individuals under this category. 4. Eysenck and Costa and McCrae’s model These two theorists added their own version to the array of personality theories. The former has the Psychoticism versus Humaneness dimension while the latter two theorists added three dimensions: Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, and Agreeableness. The main argument against these classifications is its narrowness in explaining and categorizing the complexities that make human behavior (Llewellyn, 2003). While they help explore different behaviors or attitudes, there are more that remained unexplained. Until now, certain serial killers or murderers, defy the above mentioned explanations of human behavior. 5. The Zuckerman ‘Sensation Seeking Trait’ Although an expansion on one of the features of Psychoticism and Humaneness model, Sensation Seeking helps also explain the differences between individuals. There are people who do have a higher degree of this trait; like more men seek sensation-enhancing-experiences or â€Å"venturesome† traits, while others have very minimal of this trait. This is what Zuckerman refers to in his Sensation seeking trait theory. What other experts consider as this theory’s limitation is embedded in the matter of other personality traits’ influence on risk taking behavior other than this trait by itself. Studies reveal that the psychological profiles of risk takers are diverse and the universality of this trait is still further being investigated (Llewellyn, 2003). Risk taking is a fascinating area of interest for many students of human behavior. When explored through the eyes of a Psychoanalyst, the subject becomes even more intriguing because Freudian understanding possesses an attractive alternative to the more cognitive way of assessing risk taking behavior. When the subject of evolutionary psychology of explaining risk taking behavior is concerned, it contains a ring of truth in it that many today are convinced of its manner of explaining behavior. Instinct is still a potent facet in behavior that cannot be eradicated from the study of behavior of humans (Llewellyn, 2003). When people are confronted with the distinctiveness of the human personality, the dimensions are almost unlimited; some experts opt for the multi-dimensional method while others choose the narrow and concise way. All of these approaches have their strengths and weaknesses; degree of breadth and limitations. However, they are good and profitable for jumpstarting further explorations into the human psyche and its accompanying expressions. Reference: 1. Llewellyn, David J. 2003. The Psychology of Risk Taking. Accessed in www. risktaking. co. uk.

Evolution in the English Language

Evolution in the English Language English is now indisputably an international language. It even has a new acronym: ELF, or English as a Lingua Franca. However, unlike French or Latin, the original LFs only of the European world, English is literally everywhere, and is the default language for many industries and fields of study and employment.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Evolution in the English Language specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Whether you are travelling, living abroad in an Anglophone country, or studying English in school, you will find that there is not just one variant of English. If you are not careful, you can run afoul of regional differences in word usage that can embarrass or inconvenience you, and may detract from the clarity of your writing. Because of the mix of ethnicities that makes up the USA, American English has evolved along different lines. Thus, a British speaker and an American speaker can find themselves talking at cross purposes unless they understand the idiomatic differences between the two regional forms of the language. The following are some examples from personal experience: Consider the classic error made by a British hotel guest when suggesting to an attractive young person that they sightsee together the following day. â€Å"Shall I come round and knock you up in the morning?† asks the Brit, and the American wonders why this ill-mannered lout wishes to get her with child. The phrase â€Å"to knock up† is US slang for getting someone pregnant. He could have said, â€Å"Shall I knock on your door in the morning?† and this international incident would have been averted entirely. And by the way, the phrase â€Å"young person† is another Briticism, albeit one that may be a bit vintage. Americans would speak of a â€Å"young lady† if they have any manners. Another classic mistake can occur in a â€Å"pub† (known to Yanks as a â€Å"bar†), when someone offers â€Å"cider†. In the USA, almost without exception, â€Å"cider† is unfiltered apple juice. It is served as an eco-friendly and often locally sourced alternative to less healthy â€Å"soft† (non-alcoholic) beverages such as Coke, Pepsi, Dr. Pepper or other overpriced mixtures of sugar water, caramel coloring, and marketing. In Britain, on the other hand, the term â€Å"cider† refers to a fairly potent (and tasty) fermented version of apple juice that can set the unwary imbiber reeling. Cider was once fermented enthusiastically everywhere in the colonies, as was Perry, or pear cider, but Prohibition nearly wiped that industry out. It making a comeback as an alcoholic drink, along with locally made sausage, and boutique beers, but it will be reliably referred to as â€Å"hard cider†.Advertising Looking for article on languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As l ong as we are on the topic of embarrassing mistakes, consider the word â€Å"rubber†. In the USA, this refers to the substance derived from latex, but also to male contraceptives, or condoms, which protect the male reproductive organ, or â€Å"pecker† (USA). In the UK, the word â€Å"rubber† refers to an eraser, and the â€Å"pecker† is the chin, meaning that â€Å"keeping one’s pecker up† is a phrase to use with care. Another pitfall phrase is â€Å"on the job†. In the USA, this means literally while working – as in â€Å"managerial training on the job†. In British English, on the other hand, this can refer to that most intimate of consensual interpersonal activities, so avoid this phrase unless you are sure of your audience! â€Å"Fannies† in the USA are what a lady sits upon, but in Britain, the word refers to her most female of parts. This is another word to avoid! Now that we are all thoroughly embarrassed, c onsider the word that, in Britain, is used to refer to cigarettes, or at least used to be; â€Å"f*g†. In the USA, this pejorative and offensive term for a homosexual should really be avoided entirely. Another explosive word, ni**er, seems to be used in the UK to apply to all people with dark skin. In the USA, this is called the n-word, and refers usually to those whose African ancestors were enslaved. These words have such hurtful connotations that the best strategy is to just find different ways to describe others. Moving on to happier topics, and remembering the popular modern adage, â€Å"Life is short; eat dessert first†, take note that the traveler who asks for â€Å"pudding† in the UK will be served a sweet ending to a meal of almost any type. In the USA, however, â€Å"pudding† means a very specific sweet; a soft composition of milk and eggs (or the modern food chemist’s equivalent thereof), cooked to a consistency that sticks to the spoon. A baked mixture of milk, eggs, and sugar, with bread cubes, cooked rice, pasta, or tapioca, generates a nearly endless ethnic and regional variety of â€Å"puddings† (bread pudding, noodle kugel, etc.). They can all be yummy in the hands of a deft cook. Likewise, â€Å"biscuits† in the UK are a â€Å"cookie† in the USA. American â€Å"biscuits† are actually a quick bread, not made with yeast, but with baking powder and a great deal of shortening (butter, lard, or vegetable fat). They are not sweet, but serve as a magnificent transport mechanism for gravy, drippings, butter, honey, maple syrup, sorghum syrup, or fruit preserves. A specialized American use of biscuits is strawberry shortcake, which originally meant a biscuit (salty) topped with fresh berries (sweet and tart) and whipped cream (richly unctuous and perhaps sweet).Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Evolution in the English Language specifically for you for only $16 .05 $11/page Learn More This is all fun, but there are additionally serious differences that anyone trying to live, work, or study internationally needs to remember. These divergences in practice are extensive and keeping a reference list at hand or bookmarked on the computer is a good idea. Here is a sampling: In American English, teams and corporations usually take singular forms of verbs (e.g., Apple Corporation has brought out a new model), whereas in the UK, they often take plural forms (e.g., Manchester United are the winners. This is an instant signal indicating where one’s English was learned. British English uses shall more often than will. In British English, the preposition from is used to indicate start times (e.g., Classes start from Monday), whereas in American English, the word â€Å"starting† or the preposition â€Å"on† is used instead (e.g., Classes start on Monday†, or â€Å"It will run six weeks, starting Monday† ). Americans enroll in courses, go to addresses on streets, and enroll in courses, while Brits use the other preposition. As English is used more and more widely and by peoples all over the world, there will be inevitable evolution in the language. What will â€Å"correct English† mean in 10, or 50 years? This subject is much too large for this article, but is the subject of serious academic consideration. In the meantime, try to use local variants but don’t let worry keep you from trying out your English in every possible situation.

ABA - Applied Behavior Analysis

ABA - Applied Behavior Analysis ABA or Applied Behavior Analysis is a time tested and data-based strategy for teaching children with disabilities. It is most often used with children with autistic spectrum disorders but is an effective tool for children with behavioral disorders, multiple disabilities, and severe intellectual handicaps. It is the only treatment for Autistic Spectrum disorders approved by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration.) ABA is based on the work of B.F. Skinner, also known as the father of Behaviorism.   Behaviorism is a scientific means of understanding behavior.   Known as the three-term contingency, behavior is stimulus, response, and reinforcement.   It is also understood as Antecedent, Behavior, and Consequence, or ABC.   The ABCs of ABA The antecedent is what happens before the behavior, and may or may not have a causal relationship.  The behavior is what the subject does:   we try to operationalize the behavior, or find a way to objectively describe the behavior.   We would not say Jimmy was disrespectful, we would say Jimmy shouted at the teacher and called her an inappropriate racially charged term.  Finally, the consequence, or what happens after the behavior.   It is usually here that we look for the reinforcement: in other words, what Jimmy gets out of calling the teacher that bad name.   Is it attention from his peers?   Is it being sent to the office so he misses the spelling test?   Another scientist who significantly credited with developing ABA was Ivar Lovaas, a psychologist at the University of California Los Angeles.   His seminal work in applying behaviorism to children significantly disabled with autism led to what we now call ABA.   For many people, behaviorism seems overly mechanistic.   Human beings are value and meaning assigning creatures, and we would like to believe that there is some powerful underlying mystic about behaviorhence Freudianism.   Although it may seem simplistic, behaviorism may be the best way to strip away all our cultural prejudices and see behaviors as they are.   This is especially helpful with children with autism, who have difficulty with communication, appropriate social interaction, and language.   Moving to the three-term contingency helps us evaluate what we really see when we see a behavior.   So Jimmy tantrums?   What is the antecedent?   Does it cause it?   What does the behavior look like?   And finally, what happens when Jimmy tantrums?   ABA has proven to be an effective means to support appropriate social, functional and even academic behavior.   A special form of ABA, known as VBA or Verbal Behavioral Analysis, applies the tenets of ABA to language; hence Verbal Behavior. The BACB, or Behavior Analyst Certification Board, is the international organization that certifies professionals who design and create the therapies that are used, especially what are called Discrete Trials.   Discrete trials involve the stimulus, response, reinforcement three-term contingency mentioned above. The BACB also maintains a roster of local BCBAs who can provide services to children with autism. Also Known As: VBA, Lovaas

Business Marketing Communication Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Marketing Communication - Article Example Instead, both academics and practitioners are embracing models which acknowledge the autonomy and unpredictability of customers. Initially building communication was not identified and recognized as a task of strategic importance in an organisation, but now with cut throat competition and a deluge of marketing tools, building relations and spreading information has increasingly become more important. One reason for seeing marketing communications as tactical rather than strategic is that much of its development and execution has been outsourced to marketing services agencies offering a range of specialisms (such as design, creative consultancy or sales promotion). This casts some doubt on its position as a core competence. Furthermore, much advertising and promotion thinking risks being short to medium term because the people and organisations involved are constantly changing. Butterfield suggests that, because of the increased importance of company-wide brand values in providing competitive advantage, marketing is becoming a way of delivering a communications strategy, rather than the other way round. The traditional hierarchy of strategy has been challenged by the increasing importance of brands as

Experimental Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Experimental Research - Essay Example On the other hand, the prevailing data just prior to the initiation of price promotion will also be gathered. This is to ensure finding the potential impact of price promotion on the number or average number of tissues sold each week for the two-month-period experiment. In other words, there must be a comparison of data, because this is one of the ways in order to know if there is an existing relationship between the price promotion and the number of items sold for tissue. The 50 cents off-coupon should be denoted â€Å"1†. The buy-one-get-one-free promotion should be denoted â€Å"2†. And finally, the no promotion or regular price offering should be denoted as â€Å"3†. In this way, the actual data should look like what is presented in Table 1. The point of denoting the price promotion into numerical values is to be able to use a quantitative method of analysis that will determine the relationship or the cause and effect of price promotion and the number of items of tissue that will be sold. If there is an existing relationship this means that there should be either a higher positive or negative correlation between the chosen variables, the price promotion and the number of quantity sold for tissue product as shown in Figure 1. After conducting a correlation analysis, the regression analysis will also be conducted in order to determine the actual model showcasing the actual relationship between the chosen variables. In other words, the experiment will not only test the relationship of the variables, but their actual associations. This is one way of knowing or representing the cause and effect relationship of the dependent and independent variables of the

Medieval Philosophy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Medieval Philosophy - Assignment Example Hence, metaphysical forces, including heavenly bodies and evil spirits, constrain human desires and create hurdles on the way to getting involved in different activities out of their free will. Furthermore, since the blessings and bounties showered by God upon humans, bring joys in their life, so humans must seek His protection in order to escape misfortunes in life. However, God has also granted powers to the evil forces existing in the universe and has allowed them to hurt and harm the individuals through their trickery. These forces tempt humans to follow their desires without making the adequate judgment between right and wrong. Consequently, there seems to be a high probability of humans to become prey to the evil temptations by extending their wishes and desires to a great extent. As a result, natural forces inflict the humans with deprivations that constraint their free will and limit their actions and conducts for the future days to come on the basis of the foreknowledge the Providence maintains. Question 3 (Answer): Contemporary era theologian and philosopher, Nelson Pike, has critically examined the Boethius’ doctrine regarding omniscience and free will. Since Boethius has submitted his claim that it is omniscience that constrains human free will, no human action is free and independent one in its nature and scope. However, Pike refutes the very notion by declaring it false and against the very evidence altogether. Pike is of the view that since God is all-Knowing and all-Powerful, He has foreknowledge of each and every incident that would happen in the life of every human throughout his life. Pike supports his thesis with several illustrations and examples, in order to clarify his argument regarding the powers granted to humans by the Lord for performing their domestic and professional duties and obligations. If a person, Pike argues, is determined to do something either trivial or important, God certainly maintains foreknowledge of it. Howeve r, He has allowed humans to apply their free will, out of their personal choices, in order to perform their everyday activities without any hurdle or obstacle on the way. In other words, though every incident to be taken place in the world in the life of humans is in the knowledge of God, yet He does not restrict the humans from taking part in individual and collective activities of their choice by constraining each and every human action. On the contrary, He has gifted the humans with the powers to even negate His very existence, as atheist observe, though He has complete foreknowledge of it. If God starts imposing constraints on every human action, then there would neither be any space for the atheists and infidels nor could humans be able to make this world a region where crimes, offenses, sins, and law-breaking occur very frequently. Thus, Pike nullifies Boethius’s doctrine that God’s omniscience limits human actions in such a powerful manner that it destroys the c oncept of free will altogether. However, Boethius does not claim that every human action is barred by the natural regulatory authorities.